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Background: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic continues its deadly reign all over the world. Devising effective strategies for detecting and controlling the infection has become ever more critical. Effective prevention and control of the pandemic is entirely dependent on human behavior in terms of practicing preventive and curative measures. During the second wave of COVID-19, people’s perceptions of preventive and curative measures changed. Objective: To study healthcare-seeking behavior of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: Hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 in the month of March, April and May of 2021 were included in the study. Their attendants/close relatives were contacted telephonically to know about the admitted patients’ healthcare-seeking behavior. Verbal consent was taken from attendants before the commencement of the interview, followed by informing them about the purpose of the interview. Results: Amongst the subjects, there were more males than females (67.5 vs 32.4%), age ranged between 18 to 88 with a mean value of 56.61 ± 14.7 years. Self-medication was significantly associated with study subjects’ mortality (p=0.03). Conclusion: Elderly people were having higher mortality rate than their younger counterparts. People were hesitant to visit primary care physicians after having symptoms of COVID-19.
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Aim: To explore bacterial diversity associated to polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in the TsoKar brackish metagenome.Methodology: The metagenomic DNA of TsoKar water and sediment samples were isolated and amplified using pks specific degenerate primers. PCR amplified products were analysed using Ion Torrent PGM platform and revealed a total of 2,11,030 reads with 534 contigs and 55% of G+C content. The results of BLASTx was further analyzed for species diversity using MEGAN5 software. Results: Halomonas was found to be the dominant phyla followed by Cyanobium, Acinetobacter and Burkholderia, respectively, along with majority of uncultured microorganisms present in TsoKar metagenome. Since TsoKar is a brackish water lake, and brackish aquatic ecosystems are a major hub of diverse microbes was also revealed in this study. TsoKar metagenomic sequence with accession number SRR8381943 was deposited in SRA database. Interpretation: TsoKar Lake is considered as one of the most important biosphere reserves. The results of this study confirm that this unique niche harbors good bacterial diversity associated with polyketide synthase genes, which justifies the idea of bioprospecting such niches for the discovery of novel metabolites like antimicrobial compounds using next-generation sequencing approach
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With the advent of antibiotics, bacterial infections were supposed to be a thing of past. However, this instead led to the selection and evolution of bacteria with mechanisms to counter the action of antibiotics. Antibiotic efflux is one of the major mechanisms, whereby bacteria pump out the antibiotics from their cellular interior to the external environment using special transporter proteins called efflux pumps. Inhibiting these pumps seems to be an attractive strategy at a time when novel antibiotic supplies are dwindling. Molecules capable of inhibiting these pumps, known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), have been viewed as potential therapeutic agents that can rejuvenate the activity of antibiotics that are no longer effective against bacterial pathogens. EPIs follow some general mechanisms of efflux inhibition and are derived from various natural as well as synthetic sources. This review focuses on EPIs and identifies the challenges that have kept these futuristic therapeutics away from the commercial realm so far.
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Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus with high potential in controlling insect pests. In this study, we propose optimum cultural conditions and culture media for better growth of various B. bassiana strains. B. bassiana strains achieved their maximum growth during optimal incubation period of seven days. The optimum pH and temperature for maximal growth of B. bassiana strains was found to be 6-7 and 25-30ºC, respectively. All the tested carbon and nitrogen sources supported growth and development of the B. bassiana strains. Starch and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources supported maximum radial growth (2.13-3.00 cm) and conidiospore count in both solid state culture (2.66×107 conidia/mL) and liquid state culture (9.86×107 conidia/mL). Strain BbR2 was the fastest growing strain on almost all nutrient sources studied and possessed commendable growth rate and sporulation potential. Wheat bran (WB) and rice bran (RB) in the proportion of 3:1 supported maximum conidiospores yields (1.90×107 conidia/mL) for strain BbR2 in solid state fermentation conditions.
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Introduction: The HIV pandemic has become a human, social as well as economic disaster, with far reaching inferences for individuals, communities and countries. The distribution of some of the specific oral manifestations is reported to differ between adults and children. Thus, the present study was carried to compare the oral manifestations in HIV positive children and HIV negative children. Materials and methods: The present study comprised a total of 90 subjects, divided into 3 groups, 30 HIV positive pediatric patients with HAART, 30 HIV positive pediatric patients without HAART and 30 healthy controls (HIV negative patients). The present study was conducted in the ART centre in Ranchi, Chattisgarh, India. The details to be taken from these children for subsequent analysis include age, CD4+ T cell count and oral lesions. Chi- square test was used to compare the lesions with Pvalue of 0.05 or less was considered for statistical significance and a P-value of 0.02 or less was considered for statistical highly significance. Results: Statistical analysis showed that patients with low CD4+ T cell counts (Group IA) had more number of lesions when compared to the patients with higher CD4 T cell count (Group IB). Dutta N, Gupta VK, Shetty R, Roy A, Dani G, Pandey V. A comparative study of oral manifestations of HIV among pediatric patients. IAIM, 2016; 3(5): 46-52. Page 47 According to individual lesion percentage distribution, it was observed that except hyperpigmentation most of the other lesions where more prevalent in group II than in group I. Mucocele was seen in group III and was not seen in group I and II. Dental caries was prevalent in all the three groups. Conclusion: HIV infected patients receiving HAART, had a significantly lower prevalence of oral lesion as compared to patients without HAART therapy