[Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Salvia multicaulis Vahl]

Salvia multicaulis is a permanent herb belongs to Lamiaceae family which wildely grows in most regions of Iran. This plant is used as flavour and tea. Investigation on the essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia multicaulis from Lorestan province and comparison of these with other regions. The aerial parts of the plant were collected from Broujerd in Lorestan province. The air-dried samples were subjected to hydrodistillation using by Cleavenger apparatus for 2 h [in yield of 0.3%]. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The samples were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using DPPH and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assay Forty-two constituents were identified, accounting for 90.96% of total oil. The main components of this oil were bornyl acetate [18.58%], borneol [17.16%], camphor [13.75%], camphene [5.62%] and beta-caryophyllene [5.85%].The samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In general, in both method the methanolic extract exhibited greater antioxidant activities than essential oil. Antioxidants act as radical scavengers, inhibit lipid peroxidation and other free radical-mediated processes and are able to protect the human body as well as processed foods from oxidative damage attributed to the reaction of free radicals.

[Investigation of TOC removal from industrial wastewaters using Electrocoagulation process]

Formaldehyde and phenol are key precursors in the industrial manufacture of resins. Toxicity of these compounds prevents function of microbial populations, so they affect the biological treatments. The aim of this study was investigation of TOC removal from phenol-formaldehyde resin manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation using Al- electrodes. This study is the laboratory scale experiment was conducted as a pilot. Wastewater sample was adjusted in the desired pH, electrical conductivity and current density, then it was placed into the reactor contains four electrodes in aluminum. The electrodes were connected to a DC power supply [0-40V, 0-3A]. Samples were collected for TOC determination in the middle of cell at regular time intervals. Collected samples were analyzed using TOC analyzer. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the removal of TOC were current density 75 A/m2, solution pH 4 and Conductivity 3 mS/cm. In this condition energy consumption was found 22.5 kWh m-3 after 60 min reaction. This study shows that electrocoagulation of wastewater from phenol-formaldehyde resin manufacturing can be used as a pretreatment process

[Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of ziziphora clinopodioides lam in preflowering stage]

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam belongs to the Labiatae family and its dried aerial parts are used as flavors and also in the treatment of cold and cough. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from aerial parts by hydro distillation method was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The methanolic extract was also obtained from the aerial parts of the plant. Samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities by using 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and beta-carotene-linoleic acid. Twenty three constituents accounting to 96.6% of the total oil were identified. Major components of the oil were pulegon [30.1%], thymol [21.3%], p-mentha-3-en-8-ol [12.9%], piperitenone [9.3%] and 1, 8-cineol [4.1%], respectively. In the DPPH test system, the IC 50 value for antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was determined to be 28.4microg/ml, whereas it was 55.3 microg/ml for the oil. In beta-carotene-linoleic acid test system, antioxidant activities of the extract and oil were 89.3% and 61.6%, respectively. In general, methanolic extract of ziziphora clinopodioides lam showed greater antioxidant activity than its essential oil

essential oils of Tanacetum pinnatum boiss. a composite herbs growing wild in Iran

The genus Tanacetum [Compositae] is represented by 26 species in the flora of Iran, 12 of them are endemic. One report on the analysis of essential oil of Tanacetum polycephalum Boiss. species has been published. Aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of the hydrodistilled oil of Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. of Iranian origin for the first time. The essential oil of T. pinnatum obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents appeared to be camphor [23.2%], alpha-pinene [8.5%] and camphene [7.7%]. In T. pinnatum we identified 25 components representing 98.7%. It was rich in regard to monoterpene hydrocarbons [78.9%]. The sesquiterpene fraction was relatively small, representing 19.8%

[Chemical composition of essential oil of Teucrium orientale L. subsp. taylori [boiss.] rech. f.]

The Teucrium genus belongs to Lamiaceae family and has 13 species in Iran. On the other hand the essential oils which are the plant's secondary metabolite products are widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, as antibacterial and antioxidant products. Identification of the components of essential oil of Teucrium orientale L. subsp. taylori. and its comparison with Teucrium orientale L. subsp. orientale. This plant was collected from 55 Km. distant of Khoramabad at east of Lorestan province.Voucher specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Natural Resource and Agriculture Center of Lorestan Province [NO: 5783]. The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation method. Identification of essential oil constituents was made by GC and GC/MS. Fourty components were identified in the essential oil and the main constituents were linalool [28.60%], caryophyllene oxide [15.62%], octanol [9.55%], beta- pinene [8.75%], beta- caryophyllene [7.33%], germacrene-D [4.60%] and 1,8-cineol [4.53%]. The comparison of the obtained results from analysis of the oil of Teucrium orientale L. subsp. taylori in this research with other investigations on Teucrium orientale L. subsp. orientale showed that the main components in the oils of two subspecies with a few differences in percentages of the major constituents are similar. But in other components which constituentes lesser percentages of the essential oils, there are some differences. considering the similarities in the components of subspecies of oriental and tylori, perhaps these two subspecies will be placed under the same chemotypes

Quantative and qualative changes of essential oil of Salvia bracteata Bank et Sol.in different growth stages

Salvia bracteata is a permanent herb which belongs to Lamiaceae family and grows wildely in the west of Iran. In this study the composition of the essential oils of aerial parts of Salvia bracteata in different growth stages were analysed and compared. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils had high amounts of monoterpene compounds, with alpha-pinene, limonene, myrecene and Beta-pinene as major components in different growth stages

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of prangos ferulacea [L.] lindl

The Prangos genus which belongs to Umbelliferae family is represented 15 species in Iran. Jashir [Prangos ferulacea Lindl.] is long and permanent herb which is mainly used as rich herb in animal feeding. Moerover the essential oils were mainly used in nutrative and pharmaceutical industries and antibacterial agents. Identification of chemical composition of essential oil of Prangos ferulacea grown in Lorestan province and its comparison with other regions, and to study antibacterial activity. This plant was collected from Broujerd mountains of Lorestan province in Iran. Voucher specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Natural Resource and Agriculture Center of Lorestan Province [NO: 5783]. The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation method. Identification of essential oil costitiuents was made by GC and GC/MS. After drilling wells on medium oils dissolved in hexane and 40fiL from solutions in each well was poured. The yield of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from dried plant material was 1.6% w/w. The main constituent of this oil were a-pinene [36.6%] and P-pinene [31.1%]. The results of the antibacterial activity showed that the oil was active against of most of the positive and negative bacteria specially Staphyllococcus aureus A large prcentage of the oil was composed of hydrocarbone monoterpens and only identified sesquiterpen compound is p-caryophyllene [3.1%]. Sefidkon and Kuznetsova investigations on analysis of the essential oil of aerial parts and fruits from Jashir demonesterated similarities and differenes with our study. Antibacterial activity of the oil was probably attributed to large content of monoterpene especially a-pinene

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of allium jesdianum boiss. and buhse from Iran

Allium jesdianum Boiss. belongs to Liliaceae family, which grows widly in west and northwest of Iran and has nutritive and medicine uses in the regions. Identification of chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and different extracts of Allium jesdianum. The aerial parts were collected in flowering stage. The essentail oil from aerial parts, which was obtained by Hydrodistillation, was subjected to GC and GC/MS. The antibacterial effects of essential oil and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Allium jesdianum were studied by digging hole and measuring diameter of grows inhibiting ring and Gentamicine antibiotic was used for comparison. The yield of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from dried plant material was 0.1% w/w. The major components were found to be: Trisulfide dimethyl [22.34%], Hexadecanoic acid [19.03%], Phytol [12.82%], Disulfide methyl-l-[methylthio] ethyl [9.25%], Pentacosane [8.03%], Curzerene [7.62%]. The study of antibacterial activity showed that the ethanolic extracts have stronger antibacterial effects compared with essential oil and other extracts. In conclusion, the data reported in our study showed that the sulfide compounds represented the most abundant compounds as the other Allium species. The antibacterial activity of oil and extracts of A. jesdianum can be attributed of sulfide and terpenoides compounds

study of quantitative and qualitative changes of essential oil from smyrnium cordifolium boiss. in lorestan province

Smyrnium cordifolium belongs to Umbelliferae family which growing in the west and southwest of Iran and has nutritive and medicine use in the regions. Aim: Identification of chemical compositions of essential oil of S. cordifolium grown in different regions of Lorestan province and study effects of environmental factors on it. This plant was collected from five different regions of Lorestan province and was investigated for quantitative and qualitative changes of its essential oil. The oils was injected to GC for identification of constituents. Yields of essential oil were 0.07% to 0.55% in these different regions. The most amount of essential oil was related to Poldokhtar and the least amount to Aligoodarz. In the essential oil of different regions two oxygenated sesquiterpen Curzerene and Curzerenone had the most amount. Among common and remarkable components we can mention to Germacrene-D, Isopimarol and Phyllocladanol. In Kouhdasht and Khoramabad, Curzerene was the main component with 39.4 and 34.2 percentages respectively, and in Poldokhtar, Nourabad and Aligodarz it was Curzerenone with 49.4, 33.8 and 35.6 percentages.Also, in different regions Germacrene-D is abundant in the oil. The identified components of essential oil of different regions showed the differences and similarities from quantitative and qualitative point of view. GC/MS analysis revealed that the sesquiterpen compounds were the main components in different regions, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene were just observed in Norabad and Aligodarz

[Frequency and clinical characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS] disease in patients referred to neurology department of ghaem hospital]

ALS is a neurodegenerative disease due to degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons [UMN and LMN]. There is no treatment for this disorder and it is important to distinguish from other conditions that may mimic ALS. This is a descriptive study since September 2002 until September 2004 among the patients whom referred to neurology department of Ghaem hospital. 21 patients were studied [14 men]. Mean age was 41.58 years. UMN and LMN symptoms were the presenting complaint of our patients except 5 cases with bulbar onset. Symptoms began before age of 40 in 40% of our all patients, and 27% of Charcot type of ALS. 15 Cases had charcot type of ALS, 4 cases had juvenile ALS, 1 case had Kennedy syndrome and finally 1 case had Madras motor neuron disease [MMND]. In this study we found the first case of MMND in Iran. There was a large proportion [40%] of cases with age of onset below 40 years in comparison with previous studies, more epidemiological and toxicological studies should be done

Study of clinical findings and neuroimaging aspects in Wilson disease

Introduction: Wilson disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is a genetic disorder with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. It is due to an error of copper metabolism, the major presentations are changes in liver, central nervous system, eyes and occasionally other organs. Eary diagnosis is very important, because of its known treatment, in addition late diagnosis is associated with irreversible changes. Our purpose was study of clinical presentations and neuroimaging findingsof wilson disease

Material and Methods: This was a descriptive study in the neurology department Of Ghaem hospital since autumn 2000 to winter 2004. This study included patients with primary presentation of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms or who were diagnosed by case finding in family

Results: There were 23 cases and 15 of them were men.Chief complaints were: movement disorder, psychiatric disorders,speech disorder and slowing of movement in order. Seizure, amen-orrehea and esophagial varicose had high prevalance among our cases.Brain MRI disorders were seen in 95.3% of cases

Conclusion: The incidence of seizure and amenorrhea among our cases was more than previous studies. Because of high incidence of esophagial varicose in patients with primary symptoms of nervous system we recommend esophagoscopy for all patients should be done. This study showed there was no relationship between severity of symptoms and brain MRI disorders. MRI disorders may be seen in patients in presymptomatic stage. According to this we recommend brain MRI can be used as an ancillary diagnostic test