[ effects of CCK-8 and CCK2 receptor antagonists on naloxone-induced jumping in morphine dependent mice]

Opioids are an important group of analgesics that are used extensively to control sever pains. Physical dependence to these drugs is a major problem. There are a few studies regarding the involvement of cholecyctokinin [CCK] in the withdrawal syndromes of opioids. In the present study, the effects of CCK agonist and antagonist on the number of jumping of morphine dependent mice were evaluated. In this experimental study, the effects of CCK-8 and LY225910 [selective CCK2 receptor antagonist] on jumpings of mice after morphine dependence were evaluated. Mice were injected with morphine three times a day [50, 50 and 75 mg/kg] for three days; at the forth day they received 50 mg/kg morphine. Injection of naloxone [5 mg/kg] induced withdrawal signs such as jumping. The experimental groups received different doses of CCK-8 [0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg] and LY225910 [0.01, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg] with each injection of morphine. Injection of CCK-8 significantly decreased the naloxone-induced jumpings, while LY225910 did not have any significant effects on these jumpings. Based on the results of the present study, activation of CCK1 receptors probably is involved in morphine dependence. The results also confirm that injection of CCK but not CCK2 selective antagonist probably decreases the jumpings of mice following withdrawal syndrome of morphine

Intraocular pressure after small incision cataract surgery with two different viscoelastic agents

Viscoelastic agents are used widely in ophthalmic surgery. This study was designed to assess the effect of Healon [sodium hyaluronate 1%] and Coatel [Hydroxymethylpropylcellulose 2%] on intraocular pressure [lOP] after small incision of cataract surgery. In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 87 eyes of 87 patients with senile cataract from Nikookari Ophthalmology Center of Tabriz, underwent small incision cataract surgery with phacoemulsification and randomly assigned to receive Healon or Coatel. lOP was measured preoperatively, 24 hours, 3 days and I month after surgery and postoperative values were compared with preoperative ones. In each group mean of 3 postoperative lOPs were compared with preoperative values and a significant difference was found in two groups [p = 0.013 for Healon and p = 0.004 for Coatel]. After 20-24 hours, mean lOP in Healon group increased significantly [p = 0.047] but in Coatel group there was no significant change [p = 0.56]. Three days and also one month after surgery, mean lOP in two groups reduced significantly to lower values of baseline [p <.0.001 in either group]. According to our results, there was no significant difference between the mean postoperative lOPs using two different viscoelastic agents and they were similar in effectiveness. It seems that complete removal of viscoelastic substances from anterior chamber, behind the intraocular lens [IOL], posterior chamber and enough washout time reduced the incidence of ocular hypertension in postoperative period

Chondromixoid fibroma of mandible: a case report

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign neoplasm that rarely involves mandible. In this case a chondromixoid fibroma was reported in the posterior region of the left mandible. The relevant clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features and treatment of this case are presented. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with extra oral access and resection of the lesion from the mesial of canine to distal of the third molar and AO plaques was used to maintain space and for secondary reconstruction

effect of mother - infant skin to skin contact on mother's attachment

Human being's mental health depends on the quality of personal communications. The first experience of this communication starts with mother infant interaction and increases mother's attachment to their infants. Since mother infant skin to skin contact is one of the methods to increase attachment, This study was conducted to investigate mother - infant skin to skin contact on mother's attachment. In this randomized control trial 79 cesarean-sectioned women were allocated. The first selection hospitals for groups assignment [40 women in case and 39 in control group] was random. The place of two groups changed during five days. Experimental group received skin to skin contact, 20-30 minutes daily. Mother's attachment tool was used to define attachment and anxiety regarding children. Mother's attachment was investigated on the first, third and tenth days post cesarean section. The data were analysed by t-student pairedt and regression tests. The findings showed a significant difference between mother's attachment on the third and tenth days in both groups. The findings also showed that there was a significant difference between mother's attachment in both groups on the first tenth and first-third days post cesarean-section. Regression test showed that only mother-infant skin to skin contact and mother's attachment on the first day affected mother's attachment on the third day. According to the findings, mother - infant skin to skin contact is an efficient method to increase mothers attachment and to lower their anxiety regarding children. Mother - infant skin to skin contact is suggested as a way to reach maternal health

effect of one to one midwife support on labor pain

The birth is a stressful event. Under such a condition, anxiety and pain can cause harmful effects on mother, fetus and the labor process. Giving continuous support to mother under this stressful situation reduces the anxiety and pain and helps mother for better adaptation with this crisis. To determine the effect of continuous one-to-one midwife support on labor pain. This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 17 Shahrivar hospital in Mashad; during a period between January 1999 to April 2000. Sixty-two healthy primigravid women with full term pregnancy were assigned in two groups. One-to-one midwife support consisted of the presence of a midwife during the first and the second stages of labor, who provided emotional support, physical comfort measures and instruction. Labor pain was measured with Visual Analogue Scale of pain [VAS]. Data were analyzed using T-student, ANOVA and Fisher tests. The labor pain score in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group at the first, second, third and the fourth hours following intervention in the first stage of labor. In the second stage, after deletion of intervening variable effect, the mean labor pain score was significantly lower in experimental than the control group. Also, increase in labor pain score from onset of intervention until the end of the first and second stages was lower in experimental than the control group[p<0.0001]. As the one-to-one midwife support reduced the labor pain, we suggest a continuous professional support by midwives for all women in labor