relationship between the religious orientation and anxiety and depression of university students

Human beings tendency to religion is coincidental with the man's history. Experimental researches show no correlation among findings related to the relationship of religions orientation and mental health. The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the religious orientation and anxiety and depression of university students. The main method in this study was descriptive-analytic. The subject was 571 students in Islamic Azad University, Azad Shahr branch, who were chosen randomly. The participants, were 324 male and 247 female students with the average age of 22 years. They answered to the researcher-made questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], religious attitude scale and Spilberger State-Trait Inventory [STAI]. Data were analyzed through SPSS software with descriptive-deductive base, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. Data analysis indicated the high negative correlation between the religious orientation and anxiety and depression of university students. With the increase of the student's religious orientation, their depression and anxiety decreased [P < 0.05]. The study indicates the close relationship between the religious orientation and anxiety and depression of university students. Reinforcement and assimilation of religious values in students can lead them toward increased mental health

[Detecting legionella pneumophila with sputum culture and urinary antigen test in patients with acute pulmonary infection]

Community acquired pneumonia [CAP] is a common health problem and one of the main mortality factors worldwide. Legionella pneumophila is one of the most common responsible microorganisms for CAP and may lead to severe complications if left untreated. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of this organism in patients with CAP.We enrolled 118 patients with CAP, COPD and asthma in Masihdaneshvari Medical center during 2004-2005. For microbiological purposes sputum culture and legionella urinary antigen measurement were achieved. The study population included 32 females and 86 males, their age range 58-77 years. The most frequently isolated respiratory microorganism were: streptococcus pneumonia [88%], candida spp. [76.2%], streptococcus beta-hemolytic [61.8%], staphylococcus [40.6%], klebsiella spp. [27.1%], fungi [16.1%], E.coli [8.4%], pseudomonas spp. [5.1%]. Dyspnea, cough, sputum production, and fever were the most common findings. Smoking was the most commonly found risk factor. Atypical pathogens are responsible for 40% of community-acquired pneumonia and several studies have ranked legionella pneumophila among the three most common microbial cause of CAP in patients admitted to the hospitals. So this is important to notice that urinary antigen test is particularly useful, simple and rapid test for legionella positive cases, because it is often easier to obtain urine in ill patients and the results can be available within hours and also reliable to commence treatment

Value of urease test in the detection of helicobacter pylori infections

H.pylori is a microaerophilic, garm-negative, spiral organism with 4-6 flagella. The bacterium is an etiologic agent for chronic gastritis and plays a major role in effecting peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, lymphoma, H. pylori infection has a high seroprevalence in iran [> 90%], thus, diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection is very important. The presence of H. pylori infection was determined in 100 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy over 9 month period. The presence of H. pylori was detected in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens through Biopsy Urease Test, PCR and histopathology. A medium was used for urease test, Normal Broth Urea. The biopsy is placed in a both containing urea and a PH indicator. The gold standard is histopathology examination. We designed a PCR for amplifying the H. pylori gene encoding ure C [294bp]. The results of urease test were 66.6% sensitivity and 69.7% specefity. The results of PCR assay were 98.6% sensitivity and 93% specifity. There was a significant difference between the specifity and sensitivity of urease test and PCR. The result of this study showed that urease test was not a sensitive and specific method for accurate detection of the infection, level of the sensitivity is too low to be used as the sole method of detection in ordinary practices. In this situation, other tests should be used