[Effect of a period of endurance training on serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume in breast cancer bearing mice]

Exercise training, an adjuvant therapy has a prophylactic effect on improvement of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of endurance training on serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume in breast cancer bearing mice. Forty female BALB/c mice [4 to 5 week years old, average 17 g weight] were randomly assigned into four groups: 1] exercise-tumor-exercise [ETE], 2] exercise-tumor-rest [ETR], 3] rest-tumor-exercise [RTE] and 4] rest-tumor-rest [RTR]. For tumorigenesis, MC4-L2 cell lines were used. Endurance training was performed for 8 weeks before inducing tumor in which training was initiated with 50% VO2max and reached 75% VO2max in the 8th week. Endurance training was performed with the intensity of 50 to 65% VO2max for 6 weeks after tumor induction. After training, serum IL-8 concentration was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. There were significant differences in serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume among the groups [P=0.0001]. Significant differences were between training groups after tumor induction with other groups. In addition, significant correlations were observed between serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume among the groups [P>0.05]. Endurance training with moderate intensity reduces tumor volume. IL-8 is involved in angiogenesis and tumor growth and the decreased level of IL-8 is one reason for the reduced tumor volume. Due to reduction of the level of this cytokine in groups doing exercise after malignancy, endurance training in addition to a prophylactic role is presumed to have adjuvant therapeutic effects on estrogen-receptor dependent tumors

[Effect of six weeks endurance training on tumor tissue IL-10 cytokine levels in breast cancer bearing mice]

The twenty female Balb/c mice [6-8 week-old, 14 +/- 2 gr weights] were divided to two control and exercise groups. After orientation in the environment, estrogen-receptor dependent breast cancer cells [MC4-L2] were injected to them and exercise group performed endurance exercise for 6 weeks. After appearance of the tumor, the length and width of the tumor were measured by a digital caliper once a week. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized and levels of IL-10 were measured and quantified using ELISA method. There was significant increase on level of IL-10 in exercise group than control group [P>0.05]. Tumor volume reduced in exercise group than control group. The results showed that the amount of IL-10 significantly increased in the exercise group compared to control group Also reduction in tumor volume observed in the exercise group compared to control group. Increased levels of IL-10 was in parallel to reduction in tumor volume, which shows that exercise lead to reduction tumor growth through increased levels of this cytokine. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for continued growth and spread of tumors, therefore, increased levels of IL-10 that is an angiogenesis cytokine in the exercise group compared to the control group shows exercise can inhibit from tumor growth by modulating cytokine profile within the tumor microenvironment

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their relation with physical fitness among tehranian children of preschool age]

Overweight and obesity are important public health problems in preschoolers because most eating and physical activity habits are established during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Tehranian preschoolers using different standard criteria and to determine their relation with physical fitness. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 381 preschoolers, aged 5 to 6 years. Anthropometric, health-related and motor fitness tests were assessed in all children. Based on IOTF reference, 7.36% [Cl: 0.037-0.111] and 4.73% [Cl: 0.017-0.078] of boys and 11.51% [Cl: 0.070-0.160] and 10.99% [CI: 0.066-0.154] of girls were overweight and obese, respectively. Significant correlations were found between 20 m sprint test, predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in boys and between modified sit-ups, predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in girls. These findings emphasize the relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both sexes and show that overweight and obesity were limiting factors for fitness performance levels. Overweight and obesity were indicative of poor physical fitness in both genders. Overweight and obese children, compared to their underweight and normal-weight counterparts, demonstrate inferior performance in most motor and health-related fitness parameters

[Effect of concurrent, strength and endurance training on hormones, lipids and inflammatory characteristics of untrained men]

Introduction: Concurrent training or the simultaneous performance of several types of exercise [strength and endurance training], has more positive effects on body composition and cardiovascular system, than training with either mode alone The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different training regimes [endurance, resistance and concurrent] on the hormone [cortisol and testosterone], lipid [LDL, HDL, TG, TC], and inflammatory [TNF-alpha] indexes of previously untrained subjects

Materials and Methods: Twenty nine sedentary men students [age 24.89 +/- 1.21yrs, height 175.87 +/- 6.52 cm, weight 68.44 +/- 5.50 kg] were randomly divided into the Endurance [E; n=10], Strength [S; n=9], and the Concurrent[C; n=10] groups. The training programs were performed for 10 weeks, 3 times per week in the three groups

Results: Body mass decreased in E group. Significant increases in squat and bench press exercises 1RM occurred after training in the S and C groups [P

Conclusion: Our results indicate that strenght training leads to increase in the plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine [TNF-alpha] and cortisol in untrained men, immunomodulatory effects which may be related to the training load of the S training program. It appears that combining the E and S training [concurrent training], neutralized the single effects of this these training types. Concurrent training can also be used for normalization of lipid profiles

effect of gender differences on the response of IL-6, IL-5, cortisol to single session of circuit resistance exercise in elite handball players

Very few studies have been done with regard to the gender differences of the immune system in responding to exercise, which generally do not control women's period cycle. Considering that levels of sex hormones differ during the menstrual cycle this study investigates the influence of gender differences on the response of IL-6, IL-15, cortisol and sex hormone to a single session of circuit resistance exercise in both male and female elite Handball players, while controlling CHECK on the women menstrual period cycles. The participants of the study were 12 elite Handball players, 5 men and 7 women. The circuit resistance exercise included 10 min warming, performing chest press, leg press, leg press, abdominal crunch, literal pull down, leg extension in 3 sets with 10 repetitions with 60% 1RM and 10 min cooling down. Pre, immediately and 2 hours post exercise, the blood samples were collected in order to measure IL-6, IL-15, cortisol, testosterone and estrogen levels. Results indicated that IL-6 concentration was different in the two groups after the exercise, which showed an increase in men and a decrease in women. There was no significant difference between the two groups IL-15 levels, but significant difference was observed between the two groups in cortisol, testosterone and estrogen levels. A single session of circuit resistance exercise resulted in different responses in the Immune system of men, in comparison with women

[Exercise induced release of cytokines from skeletal muscle: emphasis on IL-6]

Cytokines are a group of proteins that play a central role in mediating inflammatory responses to pathological stimuli such as infection and tissue damage. However, cytokine production is also modulated by a range of physiological stimuli such as exercise. Skeletal muscle has recently been identified as an endocrine organ. It has been suggested that cytokines or other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers should be classified as "myokines". These myokines exert paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects. IL-6 was discovered as a myokine because of the observation that it increases up to 100-fold in the circulation during physical exercise. Because of its metabolic roles, IL-6 production by skeletal muscle during physical activity created a paradox. As IL-6 is markedly produced and released in the postexercise period when insulin action is enhanced whereas, on the other hand, IL-6 has also been associated with obesity and reduced insulin action. Also, muscle mass and its function are influenced by different cytokines, in particular by IL-6, IL-15 and TNF-alpha more prominently during exercise. This review focuses on the myokines, their regulation by exercise and their roles in immune and metabolism, considering the effects of cytokines on muscle mass and function

effects of active recovery on serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CK concentrations after eccentric strenuous exercise in active female

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of active recovery [AR] vs passive recovery [PR] on serum levels of interleukin 6 [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Creatine Kinase [CK] after eccentric strenuous exercise. Twenty-eight female students of physical education participated in this study, age [23.8 +/- 1.99] years, height 164.0315.61 cm, weight 58.21 [8.23] kg and fat percent 27.18 [4.86]]. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups and completed a set of strenuous workouts, including a 30 min of treadmill downhill running [-5% grade] at 80-85% of Maximal Heart Rate [MHR], followed by AR for 15 min at 50-60% of MHR, or complete rest in the seated position [PR]. Blood samples were collected pre- and post exercise, and after recovery in order to measure the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CK. Both the AR and PR groups showed increase in the levels of serum cytokines after exercise and recovery, except IL-10 that decreased after exercise. IL-6 levels after recovery were higher in AR. Also, there were significant differences between the two groups after recovery in IL-8 and IL-10. The results show no significant differences in the levels of IL-6 in either group. It also seems that the post exercise increase in the levels of circulating cytokines is not due to the muscle damage, in spite of the increase in CK indicating that the increase of cytokines after AR is probably because of their anti-inflammatory effects

[ effect of rhythmic endurance training on abdominal obesity indices among working women in Iran university of medical sciences]

Improvement of abdominal obesity indices in middle-aged obese women by of exercise training has significant importance. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of rhythmic endurance training on abdominal obesity indices [waist to hip ratio, waist circumference, waist to high ratio, body fat%] in working women. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on, middle-aged women, aged >35 years, with abdominal obesity, regular menstrual cycle, without regular exercising, registered nurses and midwives, medicine, rehabilitation, para clinic, health sciences university and all administrative departments of the Iran university of Medical Sciences. Volunteer participants [n=31] were randomly separated into cases [n=17] and controls [n=14]. The case group has rhythmic endurance training for 8 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the study, in addition to completion of questionnaires, anthropometrical data, VO2 Max determined by tape, calipers and a chronometer. The results obtained showed that endurance training had no significant effect on waist-to-hip ratio in the cases, but significant positive changes on waist circumference, waist-to-high ratio and body fat percentage were seen. Decrease in waist to hip ratio was not significant after endurance training, probably due to short duration of exercise [8 weeks] and also may be related to lack of diet control

[Effect of designed exercise program on stress, anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy]

Fear of death, lack of knowledge and fear of treatment and its complications, lack of assurance of recovery, possibility of occurrence of problems in their family are predisposing factors in occurrence and intensity of psychological reactions such as stress, anxiety and depression in the women with breast cancer. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effect of designed exercise program on stress, anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on a total of 56 women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy, refereed to Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran in 2006. Using DASS-21 and demographic questionnaires, data were collected. The patients in experimental group used the designed exercise program at home for 20 to 30 minutes every day, for 3 to 5 days per week for 9 weeks [3 cycles of chemotherapy]. In control group, the routine helps were conducted. All patients were followed up. Data were analyzed using X[2] and t test. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the cases of demographic characteristics, cancer stage, and method of surgery. Also, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the cases of stress, anxiety, and depression, before intervention. However, following intervention, the mean of stress, in the case and control groups were 7.25 +/- 4.42 and 10.82 +/- 5.46 for anxiety were 4.07 +/- 2.72 and 7.07 +/- 4.8, was and for depression were 3.82 +/- 8.83 and 7.32 +/- 5.12, respectively [P<0.01]. Based on the results, the designed exercise program was effective to reduce stress, anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy in this research