Progressive Changes of Colitis Into Colorectal Cancer Associated With Changes in Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio, Serum, Micrornas and Infiltrate Neutrophils

@#Introduction: Understand the progression of colorectal cancer from the beginning until the advance stages is difficult and challenging. However, this could be overcome with a good animal model. Methods: In this study, a modified approach had been used to develop colorectal cancer model. The model was developed and monitored from colitis formation until the late stage of colorectal cancer. The changes of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), serum microRNAs and infiltrate neutrophil in different stages of colorectal cancer were assessed in this study. Results: Results showed that the progression of the disease is correlated with NLR as early as the formation of colitis (r=0.121, p<0.026). Meanwhile, the size of the tumor at each stage is also associated with the NLR value (r=0.185, p<0.0012). In the serum microRNAs study, it was found microRNAs expression in blood serum change in different stages of colorectal cancer. In the early stage of colitis formation, miR223 (> 3 fold expression, p < 0.0025) were abundantly found in the blood serum. Meanwhile in others stage mild (miRNA345 > 2.5 fold, p<0.0011), moderate (miRNA347 & miR512 > 3 fold, p<0.002) and severe (miR31 & miR145 > 2 fold, p<0.0001) microRNAs were also found expressed differently. The quantities of infiltrate neutrophil were varied in different stages of the disease. Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the immunity and molecular level of colorectal cancer and it allows a progressive monitoring on the changes in the molecular, cellular and histological level.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Efficiency of Swietenia macrophylla Seed Extract on Clinical Wound Pathogens

Microbial wound infection prolonged the hospitalization and increase the cost for wound management. Silver is commonly used as antimicrobial wound dressing. However, it causes several adverse side effects. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of Swietenia macrophylla seed extract on clinical wound pathogens. Besides, the bioactive constituents of the seed extract were also determined. S. macrophylla seeds were extracted with methanol by maceration method. The seed extract inhibited 5 test bacteria and 1 yeast on disc diffusion assay. The antibacterial activity was broad spectrum, as the extract inhibited both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. On kill curve analysis, the antibacterial activity of the seed extract was concentration-dependent, the increase of extract concentration resulted in more reduction of bacterial growth. The extract also caused 99.9% growth reduction of Bacillus subtilis relative to control. A total of 21 compounds were detected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The predominant compounds present in the extract were oleic acid (18.56%) and linoleic acid (17.72%). In conclusion, the methanolic extract of S. macrophylla seeds exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on clinical wound pathogens. Further investigations should be conducted to purify other bioactive compounds from the seeds of S. macrophylla.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves in experimental animals

The present study was carried out to determine the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves using animal models. The air-dried, powdered leaves [approx; 20 g] were soaked in distilled water [1:20; w/v] at room temperature for 72 h and the supernatant obtained was freeze-dried. The crude dried extract [approx; 2.4 g] was prepared in doses of 6.0, 30.0 and 60.0 mg/kg, and subjected to the respective antinociceptive [abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests], anti-inflammatory [carrageenan-induced paw edema test] and antipyretic [brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test] assays. The results obtained indicate that the extract possessed significant [p < 0.05] antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, which were not dependent on the doses of extract used. The highest concentration of extract was less effective as an anti-inflammatory and an antipyretic agent. This study showed that the aqueous extract of B. purpurea leaves possesses potential pharmacological activities that require further investigation and, thus, confirms the folklore use of the plant in the treatment of ailments associated with pain and inflammation