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Objective@#To analyze the influencing factors of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus in Beijing from 2014 to 2018.@*Methods@#Data of acute gastroenteritis events caused by norovirus in Beijing from April 2014 to March 2018 were collected. Unconditional logistic regression model was conducted to identify the risk factors of the outbreaks.@*Results@#A total of 765 acute gastroenteritis epidemics caused by norovirus were reported in Beijing, in which 85.88% (657/765) were cluster events and 14.12% (108/765) were outbreaks. Among the outbreaks, 70.37% (76/108) were reported in 2017; 84.26% (91/108) were reported in winter and spring; 88.89% (96/108) were reported in kindergartens, primary or secondary schools; 81.48% (88/108) were through person-to-person transmission; 93.52% (101/108) were caused by norovirus GⅡ infection. The risk of outbreaks in suburban and out suburb area were 1.84 times (95%CI: 1.13-3.02) and 3.78 times (95%CI: 1.62-8.82) as high as that in urban area, respectively. The risks of outbreaks in primary, secondary schools and other institutions were 6.26 times (95%CI: 3.53-11.10), 14.98 times (95%CI: 6.23-36.01) and 8.71 times (95%CI: 3.07-24.71) as high as that in kindergartens, respectively. The risk of outbreak in which patients having lower hospital visiting rate than the median rate of all events was 2.29 times than that in the context of having higher hospital visiting rate (95%CI:1.42-3.68). The risk of foodborne outbreak was 14.55 times as high as that transmitted through person-to-person (95%CI: 3.15-67.07).@*Conclusion@#Measures such as strengthening the prevention and control of norovirus outbreaks in suburbs, primary schools, secondary schools and other institutions, promoting patients to visit the hospital actively, improving the management of foodborne events and kitchen workers should be taken to reduce the incidence of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective@#To analyze the infection characteristics of patients in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses.@*Methods@#Between April 2014 and March 2016, the clinical data and samples were collected from the patients in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses in Beijing. Noroviruses were detected and genotyped using real time RT-PCR, and the infection characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis were analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological method.@*Results@#A total of 1743 clinical diagnosed cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were collected, and children under 12 years old accounted for 77.68% (1354/1743). The detection rate of noroviruses was 73.98% (509/688). The detection rates of noroviruses in fecal, swab and vomitus samples were gradually decreased (χ2=67.798, P<0.001). Among these clinical diagnosed cases, vomiting was the most common symptom (93.98%), followed by abdominal pain (40.34%), diarrhea (30.35%) and fever (27.94%). The most common symptom of patients under 6 years old was vomiting(98.14%), whereas diarrhea was most common among over 18 years old patients (68.12%). With the increase of age of the patients, the incidence of vomiting was gradually decreased (χ2=100.913, P<0.001), whereas the incidence of diarrhea was gradually increased (χ2=261.164, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain symptoms between patients infected with genogroup Ⅰ and Ⅱ noroviruses, and patients infected with genogroup Ⅱ (34.49%, 149/432) had the higher incidence rate of fever than that of genogroup Ⅰ (18.18%, 14/77) (χ2=7.985, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Noroviruses mainly infected children under 12 years old in acute gastroentertis outbreaks. The most common symptom of patients with acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses was vomiting, and the incidences of vomiting and diarrhea were significantly correlated with age of the patients. Patients infected with genogroup Ⅱ had the higher incidence rate of fever than genogroup Ⅰ infection.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program, during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection, were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles: 42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical; 38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) including 24.8% st positive, 9.9% lt positive and 4.2% st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC); one strain STEC with serotype O26:K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC, with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.</p>
Asunto(s)
Humanos , China , Epidemiología , Diarrea , Microbiología , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena , Genética , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Genética , Epidemias , Escherichia coli , Genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Epidemiología , Microbiología , Genotipo , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.
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Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.