[ effect of oil and ethanolic extracts of neem kernels Azadirachta indica [A Juss] on the orange fruit green mold fungus Penicillium digitatum [Pers.; Fr.]Sacc]

In this study, oil and ethanol extracts of neem seeds were extracted by soxhlet, and the propylene glycol was used as an emulsifying agent. The seed was collected from neem trees of Abyan Governorate in Yemen. The efficacy of these extracts against the growth of the fungus [Penicillium digitatum]and its spore colonies was also studied the results showed that the upper inhibited percentage for growth fungi by seed oil was 84% at 20000ppm, while the lower inhibited percentage at 7500ppm was 81%. The inhibited percentage by using ethanol extract was 84% at 20000ppm and 76% at 2500ppm. The efficacy of extracts against spores of fungi was 100% at 20000ppm, while it was 55% and 50% by oil and ethanol extracts, respectively at 2500ppm

effect of different concentrations of neem oil extract on some immature stages of culexpipiens l. mosquito

The efficiency control of Neem oil on the eggs and second and fourth instars of Culex pipiens was investigated under laboratory conditions

The concentration of Neem oil [1000 ppm] showed strong effect on hatching percentage [% 46.9] where the hatched larvae were killed after a short period. The lower concentrations [10,100 ppm] showed little efficiency on the eggs, but were effective on the commulative mortality and on mature instars formation

The continuous treatment of the second and fourth instars by Neem oil [100 ppm] caused high mortality, ceasing completely the formation of the mature instars. In general ,the exposure for short period [24,48 hours] was less efficient as compared with the continuous exposure, specifically with low oil concentrations