Social stigmas towards people living with HIV in the Sars-CoV-2 vaccination process / Estigmas sociales hacia personas viviendo con VIH en el proceso de vacunación anti Sars-CoV-2

Introduction: Social stigmas in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been part of their history and can still be identified in today's care environments. Objective: To analyze the social stigmas in relation to the care of people living with HIV by those who provide the anti Sars-CoV-2 vaccination service. Materials and methods: A descriptive quantitative research were developed that included a census sample of 126 people. The scale of social stigma in the care of people with HIV/AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) was applied. The information was analyzed through SPSS version 25. Results: Most of the participants reported not knowing people with HIV, but they have been treated as users (54%) and considered that they are discriminated (88.1%). Although a low level of stigma was evidenced (71.4%), these are present in 85.7%. Having had contact as a user with people with HIV was associated with the level of stigma (p=0.008). Conclusions: It is necessary to promote training in which the complexity of the phenomenon is addressed and aspects such as social stigmas are identified, incorporating the biopsychosocial paradigm together with a gender perspective in favor of the comprehensive provision of care.

Introducción: Los estigmas sociales en personas que viven con VIH han sido parte de su historia y aún se puede identificar en los entornos actuales de atención. Objetivo: Analizar los estigmas sociales en relación con la atención de las personas que viven con VIH por parte de quienes otorgan el servicio de vacunación anti Sars-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva que incluyó una muestra censal de 126 personas. Se aplicó la Escala de estigma social en la atención de personas con VIH/SIDA. La información fue analizada a través del SPSS versión 25. Resultados: La mayoría de participantes refirió no conocer a personas con VIH, pero sí les han atendido como usuarios (54%), y consideró que son discriminadas (88,1%). Pese a que se evidenció un nivel bajo de estimas (71,4%), éstos están presentes en el 85,7%. El haber tenido contacto como usuario con personas con VIH se asoció con el nivel de estigma (p=0.008). Conclusiones: Se requiere fomentar capacitaciones en las que se aborde la complejidad del fenómeno y se identifiquen aspectos como los estigmas sociales, incorporando el paradigma biopsicosocial y con perspectiva de género en pro de la prestación integral de los cuidados.

Impacto del COVID-19 en el desempeño y experiencia académica de médicos internos / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance and academic experience of undergraduate interns

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un gran impacto y alto costo en la educación de los médicos en formación que no ha sido determinado a largo plazo. Objetivo: determinar el impacto del COVID-19 en médicos internos de pregrado y cómo repercutió en su formación académica. Material y métodos: estudio mixto en el que se revisaron las calificaciones del examen departamental bimestral del 2018 al 2020 de los médicos internos Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; se utilizó la técnica de grupos focales para indagar su experiencia y repercusiones durante la pandemia. Resultados: el promedio de calificaciones de los años 2018-2019 fue de 70.76 +/- 10.12. En el 2020 de 76.19 +/- 10.66 (p = 0.000). En la CDMX durante 2018-2019 se registró una media de 70.40 +/- 10.15 frente a 71.97 +/- 10.28 de las sedes foráneas (p > 0.05). En el 2020, las sedes de la capital tuvieron una media de 77.02 +/- 10.31 frente a 73.86 +/- 11.296 de las del interior (p = 0.000). Al comparar las calificaciones bimestrales, no hubo diferencias significativas en 2018 y 2019; sin embargo, en el 2020 hubo una elevación de 69.40 +/- 9.538 a 79.39 +/- 10.70. Conclusiones: se registraron mejores resultados en las calificaciones del 2020 en relación con las del 2018 y 2019, estas fueron más altas en las sedes capitalinas en relación con las foráneas. La percepción retrospectiva de los internos fue que dispusieron de más tiempo para el estudio de contenidos temáticos y menor presión en el trabajo asistencial; declararon que hubieran preferido quedarse en sus rotaciones, con el equipo de protección necesario para evitar contagiarse.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact and hig+h cost on the education of physicians that has not been determined in the long term. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate interns and how it affected their academic training. Material and methods: Mixed study. Qualifications of the bimonthly departmental exam from 2018 to 2020 of the FACMED-UNAM internal doctors were reviewed, the focus group technique was used to investigate their experience and repercussions during the pandemic. Results: The grade point average for 18-19 was 70.76+/10.12. In 2020 76.19+/-10.66 (p = 0.000). In the CDMX 2018-2019 an average 70,405+/-10,156 against 71.97+/10.28 of foreign headquarters (p > 0.05). In 2020, the capital's headquarters an average of 77.02+/-10.31 against 73.86+/-11.296 in the interior (p = 0.000). When comparing the bimonthly ratings, there were no significant differences in 2018 and 2019; However, in 2020 there is an increase from 69.40 +/-9.538 to 79.39 +/-10.709. Conclusions: The ratings for 2020 had better results in relation to 2018 and 2019, they were higher in capital cities in relation to foreign ones. The retrospective perception of the inmates was that they had more time to study thematic contents and less pressure in the care work; They stated that they would have preferred to stay in their rotations, with the necessary protective equipment to avoid getting infected.

Oral Candida spp carriers: its prevalence in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Portadores de Candida spp na cavidade oral: a sua prevalência em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of oral candidiasis in diabetic patients is 13.7-64%. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species (75-86.5%). OBJECTIVE: To obtain the prevalence of Candida carriers among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to identify the species of the yeast. Study design: It is an open, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study. METHODS: We included voluntary patients from the National Diabetes Marathon and performed a blood glucose measurement, sialometry test, Gram-stained exfoliative cytology, and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar and CHROMagar Candida TM. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We examined 141 patients (mean age 57 years): 103 women (73%) and 38 men (26.9%). Exfoliative cytology was positive in 32 cases (23 with oral lesions); 78 had oral lesions but no Candida (93.9%). Candida was isolated in 58 patients (41.1%), 21 (45.6 %) had blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dl, and 37 (38.9%) had less than 126 mg/dl. The most frequent species was C. albicans (82.7%). Forty-two Candida carriers had salivary flow greater than 20 mm (72.4%), and 16 (27.5%) had hyposalivation. Candida was isolated in 25 of 79 patients with dental prosthesis (31.6%), 9 of 15 were smokers (60%), and 22 of 71 had symptoms (30.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of oral Candida carriers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico was similar to that found in other countries; exfoliative cytology was effective in finding Candida; salivary flow rate, use of prosthesis, and presence of oral lesions and symptoms were similar in oral Candida carriers and negative patients. Most smokers were Candida carriers. .

FUNDAMENTOS: A prevalência de candidíase oral em pacientes diabéticos é de 13,7- 64%. A espécie mais frequentemente isolada é Candida albicans(75-86,5%). OBJETIVO: Obter a prevalência de portadores de Candida em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para identificar as espécies da levedura. Desenho do estudo: Aberto, observacional, descritivo, transversal e prospectivo. MÉTODOS: Incluímos pacientes voluntários dentro da Maratona Nacional do Diabetes e realizamos medida da glicose sanguínea, teste sialométrico, coloração de Gram da citologia esfoliativa, cultura em ágar Sabouraud dextrose e CHROMagar Candida TM. Os resultados foram analisados com estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: Foram examinados 141 pacientes (média de idade de 57 anos), 103 mulheres (73%) e 38 homens (26,9%). A citologia esfoliativa foi positiva em 32 casos (23 com lesão oral), 78 tinham lesão oral, mas não tinham Candida (93,9%). Candida foi isolado em 58 pacientes (41,1%), 21(45,6%) tiveram glicemia superior a 126 mg / dl e 37 (38,9%) tiveram glicemia inferior a 126 mg / dl. A espécie mais frequente foi C. albicans (82,7%). 42 portadores de Candida tinham fluxo salivar maior que 20 mm(72,4%) e 16(27,5%) tinham hiposalivação. Candida foi isolado em 25 de 79 pacientes com prótese dentária (31,6%), 9 de 15 fumantes (60%), e 22 de 71 com sintomas (30,9%). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de portadores de Candida oral em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no México foi semelhante a outros países; citologia esfoliativa foi efetiva em encontrar Candida; fluxo salivar, uso de prótese, presença de lesão oral ...