Madres y padres de adolescentes urbanos: percepciones y expectativas de la atención en salud sexual y reproductiva para sus hijos / Parental perceptions and expectations about sexual and reproductive health care for urban adolescents

Studies have reported which expectations and demands adolescents have for more accessible sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. However, there is limited information regarding parents’ requirements and demands for SRH services their adolescents need. Aim: To explore the knowledge of parents regarding SRH needs of their adolescent daughters and sons and what they demand from primary health care services (PHCS). Material and Methods: A quali-quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed. Nine fathers and 24 mothers were interviewed to design a survey. In the quantitative phase, 125 mothers voluntarily, anonymously and confidentially were interviewed. All participants were users of PHCS of urban communities in the Metropolitan Area showing a high percentage of births by adolescents’ mothers. Data analysis was descriptive and analytical. Results: Interviews served as input to design the questionnaire. Seventy seven percent (77,6%) of interviewed mothers knew that their sons/daughters, regardless of their gender, had concern about sexuality; their main fear was adolescent pregnancy. Seventy six percent (76%) was aware that their sons/daughters might request attention in SRH clinics and 97% agreed that they should require these services during early adolescence. The most desirable features of such services were identified. Conclusions: Parents recognize that they would prefer their sons/daughters postponed sexual initiation; however, they are aware that pregnancy prevention is needed. Mothers approve SRH services. They agree that counseling to prevent pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD) and AIDS was an important issue. They require support for themselves and their sons/daughters.

Comparación de la evaluación tradicional del desarrollo psicomotor versus una prueba autoadministrada / Comparison of Traditional Psychomotor Development Evaluation versus a Self-Administered Test?

Introducción: El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la aplicabilidad de un cuestionario de autoreporte para el screening del desarrollo psicomotor (DSM) en atención primaria de salud (APS). Para ello se analizó el grado de acuerdo entre el cuestionario Ages and Stages (ASQ) y la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor (EEDP), que es el método empleado de rutina en APS. Además, se exploraron las percepciones y valoraciones comparativas de profesionales que participaron en la aplicación de dichos test. Metodología: Estudio cuanti-cualitativo, realizado entre noviembre 2008 y diciembre 2009. En 2 centros de Salud de la Región Metropolitana de Chile se reclutó lactantes nacidos de término, que acudieron a control sano. A los 8 y 18 meses se les solicitó a los padres o cuidadores principales completar el ASQ y un profesional de APS aplicó el EEDP. Se midió la correlación y concordancia entre ambos test. Se aplicaron entrevistas individuales y mini focus groups a los profesionales participantes en las evaluaciones. Resultados: Fueron reclutados 330 lactantes. La frecuencia de déficit del DSM fue 8,79% en EEDP y 12,73% en ASQ (p0,05). Hubo correlación entre ambas evaluaciones (r 0,5) y la concordancia en la pesquisa de déficit de DSM fue buena (kappa 0.576). En el análisis cualitativo destacó la valoración positiva del ASQ, tanto como instrumento de medición, como guía para promover el DSM. Para suplir las debilidades del ASQ, relacionadas con la modalidad de autoreporte, en grupos de mayor riesgo socio cultural o educacional, los centros de salud adoptaron diferentes estrategias. Conclusiones: El ASQ pesquisó significativamente más déficits del DSM que el EEDP, mientras que la correlación y concordancia entre ambas pruebas fueron adecuadas. Considerando las ventajas comparativas del ASQ en opinión de los profesionales, se propone que los centros de APS que deseen implementar ASQ, tomen una estrategia progresiva basada en la integración de los padres, madres y cuidadores en la observación del desarrollo de sus hijos.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a self-administered questionnaire in the screening of psychomotor development (PD) in a primary care setting (PC). For that purpose, the degree of concordance between the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and a Psychomotor Development Evaluation Scale (Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor-EEDP) currently utilized in PC was tested. In addition, perceptions and value judgment by professionals who participated in the study were explored. Methodology: This semi-quantitative study was performed between November 2008 and December 2009 in two PC centers of the Metropolitan Area of Chile on full-term newborns of the well-baby clinic. At age 8 and 18 months, parents or primary caretakers were asked to fill out the ASQ, and a PC professional completed the EEDP. Correlation and concordance between both tests was measured. Interviews and mini-focus groups were conducted with the participating professionals. Results: Three hundred and thirty newborns were recruited in the study. PD deficits were found on 8.79% of patients through the use of EEDP and in 12.73% through the use of ASQ (p = 0,05). Correlation between both evaluations was acceptable (r 0,5) as was concordance in deficit detection (kappa 0.576). The qualitative analysis showed appreciation of ASQ as a measuring tool as well as promoting awareness of PD. Staff of the PC settings utilized various strategies to overcome deficiencies of a self-administered test in populations of higher socio-educational and cultural risk. Conclusions: ASQ picked up significantly more PM deficits than EEDP, while correlation and concordance indices between both tests were adequate. Considering the subjective advantages expressed by staff in favor of ASQ, it is proposed that those PC centers that wish to implement the ASQ do so by progressively incorporating parents and caretakers into the observation of their children's development.

Comparación de la evaluación tradicional del desarrollo psicomotor versus una prueba autoadministrada / Comparison of traditional psychomotor development evaluation versus a self-administe-red test

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a self-administered questionnaire in the screening of psychomotor development (PD) in a primary care setting (PC). For that purpose, the degree of concordance between the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and a Psychomotor Development Evaluation Scale (Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor-EEDP) currently utilized in PC was tested. In addition, perceptions and value judgment by professionals who participated in the study were explored. Methodology: This semi-quantitative study was performed between November 2008 and December 2009 in two PC centers of the Metropolitan Area of Chile on full-term newborns of the well-baby clinic. At age 8 and 18 months, parents or primary caretakers were asked to fill out the ASQ, and a PC professional completed the EEDP. Correlation and concordance between both tests was measured. Interviews and mini-focus groups were con-ducted with the participating professionals. Results: Three hundred and thirty newborns were recruited in the study. PD deficits were found on 8.79 percent of patients through the use of EEDP and in 12.73 percent through the use of ASQ (p = 0,05). Correlation between both evaluations was acceptable (r 0,5) as was concordance in deficit detection (kappa 0.576). The qualitative analysis showed appreciation of ASQ as a measuring tool as well as promoting awareness of PD. Staff of the PC settings utilized various strategies to overcome deficiencies of a self-administered test in populations of higher socio-educational and cultural risk. Conclusions: ASQ picked up significantly more PM deficits than EEDP, while correlation and concordance indices between both tests were adequate. Considering the subjective advantages expressed by staff in favor of ASQ, it is proposed that those PC centers that wish to implement the ASQ do so by progressively incorporating parents and caretakers into the observation of their children's development.

Introducción: El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la aplicabilidad de un cuestionario de autoreporte para el screening del desarrollo psicomotor (DSM) en atención primaria de salud (APS). Para ello se analizó el grado de acuerdo entre el cuestionario Ages and Stages (ASQ) y la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor (EEDP), que es el método empleado de rutina en APS. Además, se exploraron las percepciones y valoraciones comparativas de profesionales que participaron en la aplicación de dichos test. Metodología: Estudio cuanti-cualitativo, realizado entre noviembre 2008 y diciembre 2009. En 2 centros de Salud de la Región Metropolitana de Chile se reclutó lactantes nacidos de término, que acudieron a control sano. A los 8 y 18 meses se les solicitó a los padres o cuidadores principales completar el ASQ y un profesional de APS aplicó el EEDP. Se midió la correlación y concordancia entre ambos test. Se aplicaron entrevistas individuales y mini focus groups a los profesionales participantes en las evaluaciones. Resultados: Fueron reclutados 330 lactantes. La frecuencia de déficit del DSM fue 8,79 por ciento en EEDP y 12,73 por ciento en ASQ (p0,05). Hubo correlación entre ambas evaluaciones (r 0,5) y la concordancia en la pesquisa de déficit de DSM fue buena (kappa 0.576). En el análisis cualitativo destacó la valoración positiva del ASQ, tanto como instrumento de medición, como guía para promover el DSM. Para suplir las debilidades del ASQ, relacionadas con la modalidad de autoreporte, en grupos de mayor riesgo socio cultural o educacional, los centros de salud adoptaron diferentes estrategias. Conclusiones: El ASQ pesquisó significativamente más déficits del DSM que el EEDP, mientras que la correlación y concordancia entre ambas pruebas fueron adecuadas. Considerando las ventajas comparativas del ASQ en opinión de los profesionales, se propone que los centros de APS que deseen implementar ASQ, tomen una estrategia progresiva basada en la integración de ...