Electroencephalographic Changes Induced by a Neurofeedback Training : A Preliminary Study in Primary Insomniac Patients / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders. Recent studies suggest that cognitive and physical arousal play an important role in the generation of primary insomnia. Studies have also shown that information processing disorders due to cortical hyperactivity might interfere with normal sleep onset and sleep continuity. Therefore, focusing on central nervous system arousal and normalizing the information process have become current topics of interest. It has been well known that neurofeedback can reduce the brain hyperarousal by modulating patients' brain waves during a sequence of behavior therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of neurofeedback therapy on electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in patients with primary insomnia. METHODS: Thirteen subjects who met the criteria for an insomnia diagnosis and 14 control subjects who were matched on sex and age were included. Neurofeedback and sham treatments were performed in a random order for 30 minutes, respectively. EEG spectral power analyses were performed to quantify effects of the neurofeedback therapy on brain wave forms. RESULTS: In patients with primary insomnia, relative spectral theta and sigma power during a therapeutic neurofeedback session were significantly lower than during a sham session (13.9 ± 2.6 vs. 12.2 ± 3.8 and 3.6 ± 0.9 vs. 3.2 ± 1.0 in %, respectively; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in other EEG spectral bands. CONCLUSION: For the first time in Korea, EEG spectral power in the theta band was found to increase when a neurofeedback session was applied to patients with insomnia. This outcome might provide some insight into new interventions for improving sleep onset. However, the treatment response of insomniacs was not precisely evaluated due to limitations of the current pilot study, which requires follow-up studies with larger samples in the future.

Korean Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder: Initial Treatment Strategies

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to provide clinical consensus and evidence regarding initial treatment strategies for the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in Korea. METHODS: We prepared a questionnaire to derive a consensus from clinicians regarding their preference for the pharmacological treatment of SAD in Korea. Data regarding medication regimens and psychotropic drugs used during initial treatment, the doses used, and the pharmacological treatment duration were obtained. Responses were obtained from 66 SAD experts, and their opinions were classified into three categories (first-line, second-line, third-line) using a chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Clinicians agreed upon first-line regimens for SAD involving monotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine, or combined therapy using antidepressants with betablockers or benzodiazepines on a standing or as-needed basis. First-line psychotropic drug choices for initial treatment included the following: escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and propranolol. The medication dosage used by domestic clinicians was found to be comparable with foreign guidelines. Domestic clinicians tended to make treatment decisions in a shorter amount of time and preferred a similar duration of maintenance treatment for SAD when compared with foreign clinicians. CONCLUSION: This study may provide significant information for developing SAD pharmacotherapy guidelines in Korea, especially in the early stage of treatment.

Korean guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder

The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders developed a Korean guideline for the treatment of panic disorders in 2018 to help clinicians make treatment decisions. This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for initial and maintenance treatment, non-responsive cases, comorbid conditions, and psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder. The executive committee developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines, algorithms, and clinical trials previously published in foreign countries and Korea. Seventy-two 61% of 112 experts on a committee reviewing panic disorders responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into 3 categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. This study presents useful information about the consensus among Korean experts regarding pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy for patients with panic disorder.

Korean guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder

The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders developed a Korean guideline for the treatment of panic disorders in 2018 to help clinicians make treatment decisions. This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for initial and maintenance treatment, non-responsive cases, comorbid conditions, and psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder. The executive committee developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines, algorithms, and clinical trials previously published in foreign countries and Korea. Seventy-two 61% of 112 experts on a committee reviewing panic disorders responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into 3 categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. This study presents useful information about the consensus among Korean experts regarding pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy for patients with panic disorder.

The Efficacy and Safety of Clonazepam in Patients with Anxiety Disorder Taking Newer Antidepressants: A Multicenter Naturalistic Study

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of clonazepam with other benzodiazepines in patients with anxiety disorders. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >20 years, diagnosis of anxiety disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria, taking only one type of antidepressant, and prescribed one of three oral benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, or lorazepam). At baseline and week 6, clinical benefit was evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression-Anxiety Scale (CGI-anxiety), and Clinical Global Impression-Sleep Scale (CGI-sleep). RESULTS: Among 180 patients, no differences in demographic characteristics among the three benzodiazepine groups were noted. After six weeks of treatment, all benzodiazepine groups showed significant improvements in CGI-S, CGI-anxiety, and CGI-sleep scores (p<0.001). There were no differences in mean changes in CGI-S, CGI-anxiety and CGI-sleep among the three benzodiazepine groups. The incidence of side effects was significantly lower in the clonazepam group than with the other benzodiazepines. The incidences of adverse events for the clonazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam groups were 26.7% (n=20), 48.4% (n=31), and 43.9% (n=18), respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that clonazepam is as efficacious as other benzodiazepines for the treatment of various anxiety disorders. Furthermore, the safety profile of clonazepam was superior to the other benzodiazepines in this study.

Correlation between Luteal Eating Behavior Symptom and Trait Anxiety in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder : A Preliminary Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between anxiety and premenstrual eating symptoms in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). METHODS: A total of 49 women in the late luteal phase participated in this study. The psychiatric symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Eating symptoms were assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and cocoa intake experiment. Estradiol, progesterone, and leptin were collected through venous blood. RESULTS: Participants with PMDD (n=25) showed a higher level of depression (p<0.001), trait anxiety (p=0.012), restrained eating symptoms (p=0.039), and leptin (p=0.015). Among PMDD patients in the luteal phase, trait anxiety showed correlation with emotional eating (p=0.023), alcohol (p=0.022), and unrestricted intake of cocoa (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that PMDD subjects showed higher trait anxiety, depression, and difficulty in eating behavior control. Trait anxiety plays an important role in increased and uncontrolled eating symptoms during the premenstrual period and chronic course of PMDD.

Psychopharmacologic Strategies for Women to Plan Pregnancy / 대한정신약물학회지

Clinicians are faced with major challenges when treating women with psychiatric disorders who are contemplating pregnancy or are pregnant. Recent data suggest that pregnancy has no protective effect on the course of psychiatric disorders and that discontinuation of psychotropic drugs is associated with a significant risk of relapse. This article reviews the major clinical dilemmas in managing women with psychiatric disorders who plan to conceive. Before pregnancy, clinical considerations for the interventions such as family planning, parental education and supporting, and antenatal care are important to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications. To treatment decision, clinicians should discuss with the woman the absolute and relative risks associated with not treated mental disorder and psychotropic drugs. Non-pharmacological treatment should be considered also. Treatment strategies, for each of the women with psychiatric disorders who plan to conceive are discussed.

Psychopharmacotherapy for Pregnant Women / 대한정신약물학회지

Authors reviewed the risk of psychopharmacotherapies during pregnancy. Psychopharmaotherapy in pregnants should be determined by considering the risk of disease recurrence in the mother and the impacts on the fetus. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend the routine use of antipsychotics in pregnancy, but risk-benefit assessments may indicate that such use is appropriate. Generally, antipsychotics are indicated for severe mental disorder, the benefits to the mother appear to outweigh the unknown risk. Folate (4 mg/day) has been recommended for women taking atypical antipsychotics because they may have a high risk of neural tube defects due to inadequate folate intake and obesity. Mood stabilizers should be avoided during pregnancy because of their potential teratogenicity. Lamotrigine or topiramate are relatively safe and combination with folate could be reduced the risk of neural tube defects. Antidepressants have been used in pregnant women with relative safety, but we should be considered the risk of major defects and neonatal syndrome. Especially, prenatal eochocardiography is recommended if it has been exposed in the first trimester of pregnancy. Paroxetine should be avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy due to the risk of congenital anomalies. There are many controversies in causal association between benzodiazepine and congenital defects. But, if the maternal condition requires the use of benzodiazepine during pregnancy, the lowest possible dose should be taken. Although no congenital malformation have been reported, data are too limited to confirm the risk of zolpidem for pregnancy, further evaluation are needed.

Updates in Psychotropic Medication for Lactating Women / 대한정신약물학회지

The use of psychotropic medications in lactating women is controversial. Despite widely accepted advantages of human milk, patients and professionals hesitate to use medications during breastfeeding. Package inserts written by manufacturers routinely discourage breastfeeding to prevent law suits. Here we conducted a review to help professionals to decide medication for lactating women on an evidence-based risk-benefit analysis. First, we reviewed lactational pharmacology. The relative infant dose (RID) was defined to give an objective measure for infant exposure to medication, and drugs with RID lesser than 10% were considered quite safe. Subsequently, we reviewed each category of psychotropic medications which were commonly used in mental illness. We provided information for each drug such as Dr. Hale's lactation risk category, RID, half-life, and time to peak plasma level as references for the risk analysis. There was no contraindicated psychotropic medication during breastfeeding, but for lithium, close monitoring of infant serum levels is warranted. In conclusion, most of medications used to treat mental illness in lactating women were usually safe. Nevertheless, medication use in lactating women should always be considered on an individualized risk-benefit analysis, and untoward adverse effects on the infant should be monitored.

Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives / 대한정신약물학회지

Alzheimer's disease is increasingly common in elderly population with a large socioeconomic burden. Current available drugs for Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Much effort is directed towards not just symptomatic treatments but disease-modifying treatments. Several drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Phase III trials of dimebon, Ginkgo biloba, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenserine, statins, semagacestat, tarenflurbil, tramiprosate, valproate, xaliproden have been completed without demonstrating adequate efficacy. Encouraging results would be expected from ongoing phase III trials of bapineuzumab and solanezumab. The clinical trials for the disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease have resulted in both promise and disappointment.

Clinical Predictors of Drug Response in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate which clinical variables might influence the antiobsessional responses to proserotonergic drugs in a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: Two hundred forty-nine patients with DSM-IV OCD under-gone mean 13-month treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. According to the treatment response, defined as a reductions of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) total score > or =35%, patients were divided into two groups. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients responded to the treatment and the other one hundred thirty five patients did not. Responders had a significant long duration of medication in YUMC OCD clinic, short total duration of past treatment in other institutes, and higher frequency of drug naive cases and lower baseline Y-BOCS scores. CONCLUSION: The pre-treatment factors including total duration of past treatment, drug naive or not, baseline OCD symptoms and the factor of duration of the treatment may influence drug treatment response in OCD patients.

Evidence-based pharmacotherapy for panic disorder

Panic disorder is characterized by acute panic attack accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, sweating, dyspnea, chest pain, dizziness, and tremors, as well as anticipatory anxiety and avoidant behaviors. 30% of the general population may have suffered isolated episodes of panic attack, and epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is around 4.8%. Panic disorder is commonly comorbid with the other psychiatric disorders, and 30% of patients with panic disorder show treatment resistance and a chronic waxing and waning course. Therefore, adequate treatment guidelines and strategies for panic disorder by evidence-based pharmacotherapy are needed and some treatment guidelines for panic disorder have already been developed in foreign countries. In this article, among the foreign guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of panic disorder, those by World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) in particular were reviewed. Also, the recently developed Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Panic Disorder 2008 by the Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorder was reviewed.

Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2009 (I) : Initial Treatment Strategy / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for the initial treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This issue represents one of the subjects addressed by the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for GAD in Korea. METHODS: The executive committee of the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for GAD, supported by The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders, developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with GAD, based on guidelines or algorithms and clinical trial studies previously published in foreign countries, especially by the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, and the Canadian Psychiatric Association. Fifty-five (64%) of 86 experts on a committee reviewing GAD in Korea responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into three categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using a Chi-square test and a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: For the initial treatment of GAD, antidepressant monotherapy and the combination of antidepressants and benzodiazepines as anxiolytics were recommended as the first line strategies. Escitalopram, paroxetine CR and venlafaxine XR were selected as first-line antidepressant treatments, and alprazolam, clonazepam and lorazepam were the preferred benzodiazepines. The mean starting doses and mean maximum doses of the drugs were 7.55+/-3.09 mg and 24.91+/-8.14 mg for escitalopram, 12.57+/-2.83 mg and 44.76+/-15.00 mg for paroxetine CR, and 46.81+/-16.74 mg and 223.32+/-60.64 mg for venlafaxine XR. CONCLUSION: These results, which reflect recent studies and clinical experiences, may provide guidelines for the initial.

Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2009 (II) : Medication Algorithm & Long-Term Medication Treatment Strategy / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the consensus about medication algorithms, including long-term medication treatment strategies, in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS: The executive committee of the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for GAD developed questionnaires about the psychopharmacologic treatment strategies for patients with GAD. Fifty-five (65%) of 84 experts of a reviewing committee answered the questionnaires. The consensus of expert opinion was classified into three categories, and the treatments of choice were selected by use of 95% confidence intervals and chi-square-tests. RESULTS: The consensus on the first-line treatment strategy for GAD was as follows. Step 1 is the use of the one of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and buspirone for at least four to six weeks. Step 2 is to switch from a SSRI to a SNRI or buspirone or vice versa. Step 3 is to augment medication with an atypical antipsychotic or add a benzodiazepine or antihistamine. Step 4 is to switch to another combination, which includes a SSRI, a SNRI, mirtazapine or a tricyclic antidepressant Step 6 is to review the diagnosis, and 'benzodiazepines including clonazepam and alprazolam can be combined with another drug even from the initial period'. In terms of long-term medication treatment, the consensus first-line tr-eatment strategy involved the use of venlafaxine XR, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine CR, sertraline and buspirone. CONCLUSION: This study provided information about the consensus among Korean experts regarding medication algorithms, including long-term medication treatment strategies, in the treatment of GAD.

Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2009 (III) : Treatment Strategy for Comorbid Conditions / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for comorbid conditions in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS: The executive committee of the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for GAD developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines or algorithms and clinical trial studies previously published in foreign countries. This study analyzed the treatment strategies for comorbid conditions in GAD. Fifty-five (65%) of 84 experts on a committee reviewing GADs responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into three categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using a chi2 test and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The consensus about treatment strategies in the case of GAD with comorbid depression recommended a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) as the first-line drug treatment. An SSRI, an SNRI and a benzodiazepine (e.g. alprazolam, clonazepam) are recommended in GAD patients with other comorbid anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: This study provided information about the consensus among Korean experts with regard to treatment strategies for comorbid conditions of GAD.

An Analysis of In-Training Examination for the Psychiatric Residents in Korea: Five-year Cumulative Results / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The in-training examination (Performance Examination, PE) for psychiatric residents in Korea was launched 5 years ago by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association (KNPA). This article analyzes 5-year accumulated data on the PE, and tries to make some suggestions for further development of the PE. METHODS: The 5-year data, previously utilized for the generation of formal annual reports were reanalyzed, with an emphasis on longitudinal trends. RESULTS: The analyses indicated the following; 1) Higher-year residents earned definitely higher scores than their lower-year colleagues on the PE. This trend was especially prominent in the area of psychopharmacology-biological psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, and the emergency-organic psychiatry. There was no year-related performance difference in the area of psychoses. 2) In the area of anxiety-somatization disorder, psychophysiological disorder, and geriatric psychiatry, the residents in the university-affiliated hospitals outperformed those in the specialized psychiatric hospitals. 3) Through analyzing multiple-times examinees, it was found that their first-and second-time performances were moderately correlated, and that their ranks tended to improve, demonstrating a continuously improving performance according to the training year. CONCLUSION: These result suggested that the KNPA PE is a feasible measure for the estimation of an individual resident's performance as well as the adequacy of the environment provided by the training institutes.

Korean Medication Algorithm for Panic Disorder 2008: Initial Treatment Strategies / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders developed a Korean treatment algorithm for panic disorder to help clinicians make treatment decisions. This study investigated a consensus about initial treatment strategies as part of developing a medication algorithm for panic disorders in Korea. METHODS: Based on current treatment algorithms published by the American Psychiatric Association, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, and the Canadian Psychiatric Association, we developed questionnaires about initial treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder. Fifty-four experts in panic disorder answered the questionnaires. We classified expert opinions into three categories (first-, second-, and third-line treatment strategies) by chi-square tests. RESULTS: Antidepressants and anxiolytics were recommended as first-line strategies for the initial treatment of panic disorder. A combination of medical treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy was also recommended for more severe cases. Paroxetine, escitalopram, alprazolam, and clonazepam were preferred from among many anti-panic drugs. The mean starting dose of anti-panic drugs in the initial treatment for panic disorder was relatively lower than that for such other psychiatric illnesses as major depressive disorder. CONCLUSION: These results, reflecting recent studies and clinical experiences, may provide guidelines about initial treatment strategies for panic disorder.

Korean Medication Algorithm for Panic Disorder 2008: Consensus Regarding Treatment Strategies in Cases of Non-Responsive and Comorbid Conditions / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for non-responsive and comorbid conditions in panic disorder, which represents one subject addressed by the Korean medication algorithm project for panic disorders 2008. METHODS: The executive committee developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines or algorithms and clinical trial studies previously published in foreign countries. This study analyzed the treatment strategies in cases of non-responsive panic disorder and comorbid conditions accompanying panic disorder. Fifty-four (68%) of 80 experts on a committee reviewing panic disorders responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into three categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using a chi-square test and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The consensus about first-line treatment strategies in cases of non-responsive panic disorder included "switch from a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to venlafaxine XR or vice versa" and "clonazepam or alprazolam can be combined with another drug even from the initial period". Second-line strategies included tricyclic antidepressants (clomipramine, imipramine) and high dosages of high potency benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam). The consensus about treatment strategy in cases of comorbid disorders (e.g., depression or other anxiety disorders) recommended antidepressants combined with anxiolytics and cognitive-behavioral therapy as the treatments of choice. Antidepressants combined with anxiolytics were recommended as the first-line strategy, and antidepressant monotherapy and antidepressants combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy emerged as second-line strategies. In cases of comorbid conditions accompanying panic disorder, paroxetine was selected as the treatment of choice. Escitalopram, venlafaxine XR, sertraline, citalopram, alprazolam, and clonazepam were selected as first-line treatments and fluoxetine, mirtazapine, and imipramine were selected as second-line treatments. CONCLUSION: This study provided information about the consensus among Korean experts in regard to treatment strategies for non-responsive panic disorder and comorbid conditions accompanying panic disorder.

Clinical Applications of Neurofeedback Treatment for Insomnia / 수면정신생리

Since the pharmacological treatment of insomnia has the potential risk for dependence and various side effects, nonpharmacological intervention for insomnia is very important in clinical practice. The neurophysiological characteristics and recent researches using quantitative EEG of insomnia suggest the insomnia as a state of CNS(central nervous system) hyperarousal. Insomnia should not be restricted to subjective sleep complaints alone because it appears to be a 24-hour disorder including daytime fatigue and decreased quality of life. The neurofeedback treatment is a self-regulation method based on the paradigm of operant conditioning. The goal of this treatment modality is to normalize the functioning of the brain by inhibiting and/or reinforcing specific frequency bands of brain waves. Therefore, the neurofeedback treatment on the basis of thalamocortical mechanisms which play an important role in sleep and arousal might be a useful treatment modality for the insomnia in the future. In this paper the authors suggest the clinical applications of neurofeedback for the treatment of insomnia and further clinical researches about its therapeutic effects in insomnia.

Clinical Applications of Neurofeedback Treatment for Insomnia / 수면정신생리

Since the pharmacological treatment of insomnia has the potential risk for dependence and various side effects, nonpharmacological intervention for insomnia is very important in clinical practice. The neurophysiological characteristics and recent researches using quantitative EEG of insomnia suggest the insomnia as a state of CNS(central nervous system) hyperarousal. Insomnia should not be restricted to subjective sleep complaints alone because it appears to be a 24-hour disorder including daytime fatigue and decreased quality of life. The neurofeedback treatment is a self-regulation method based on the paradigm of operant conditioning. The goal of this treatment modality is to normalize the functioning of the brain by inhibiting and/or reinforcing specific frequency bands of brain waves. Therefore, the neurofeedback treatment on the basis of thalamocortical mechanisms which play an important role in sleep and arousal might be a useful treatment modality for the insomnia in the future. In this paper the authors suggest the clinical applications of neurofeedback for the treatment of insomnia and further clinical researches about its therapeutic effects in insomnia.