RESUMEN
Abstract Screening newborns for genetic and other diseases is one of the most effective ways to improve health and reduce disease in a population. In developed countries, newborn screening has been a cornerstone of public health for decades. In many developing countries, however, newborn screening is still in its infancy. Many countries still lack screening programs. When a program is available, it generally lacks well-defined criteria on which decision-makers can justify the choice of diseases screened for and the methods used. One of the reasons put forward to understand this observation is the fact that little consideration is given by decision-makers to economic evaluations as a pillar of decision-making, as is the case in industrialized countries. This article provides a brief description of the challenges of using economic evaluation of newborn screening in developing countries. This will be illustrated by the example of the national newborn screening program in Vietnam.