RESUMEN
Group A rotaviruses are the most important cause of acute diarrhea in children throughout the world. It is the cause of more than 450,000 deaths per year. There are few data available about rotavirus type circulating in Egypt. Serotyping by ELISA with anti-VP7 serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and genotyping by reverse transcription-PCR [RT-PCR] have been widely used for typing. The materials of this study comprised 100 stool specimens collected from children less than 5 years old suffering from acute diarrhea, attending Alexandria University Children's Hospital at El-Shatby during the period from January to December 2006. These specimens were subjected to RT-PCR. Rotavirus was detected by RT PCR in 33 [33%] of patients. In the present study, a total of 30 [90.9%] of the 33 rotavirus positive samples were found to be G typable and the remaining 3 [9.1%] were untypable. Out of the 33 rotavirus positive cases, G4 was the main genotype detected being responsible for 12 cases [36.4%] of rotavirus infections. G1 was the second most common cause and was responsible for 9 cases [27.3%] of the infections. Our study identified G9 in 6 [18.1%] of the positive cases. Mixed G types reflecting dual infections G1+G9 were detected in 3 [3%] of the samples. G2, G3, and G8 were not detected among our cases. These results underline the importance of continued detailed epidemiological and virological studies to identify rotavirus serotypes responsible for severe diarrhea, including characterization of less common and or unusual strains. Knowledge of rotavirus prevalence and strains circulating in the Egyptian community will add in assessing the suitability of candidate vaccines, in order to protect against all currently circulating rotavirus strains
RESUMEN
The study aimed to describe the various types of abuse in a sample of elderly people in El Hodeida city, and to determine their socio-demographic characteristics. Also to identify the relationship between their socio-demographic characteristics and various types of abuse. This study was conducted in the geriatric home [Dar - El Agaza] in El-Hodeida city. A cross sectional study design was used in this study. A total sample of 140 elderly persons was recruited from the study setting. Data were collected during the period from the beginning of April to the end of June 2005. The researchers designed and interview questionnaire form for data collection. It consisted of two parts. The first part was socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly as age, sex, educational status, marital status, having children, residence, of origin and source of income, the second part was concerned with assessment of exposure to various types of abuse. These included physical, psychological, social and financial · abuse. Results of the present study shows that [60%] of the participants were 60 to less than 70 years old, [80%] were females and [85.7%] were illiterate. Also the study illustrates that the highest percentage of abuse was psychological as reported by [49.3%]. This was followed by ·financial abuse [44.3%]. Regarding the relations between social abuse and the socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly it was clear that social abuse was higher among the elderly with no children [60%] and those of rural residence [28.6%]. For physical abuse there is statistically significant association with the marital status and the source of income, P= 0.007 and P< 0.001, respectively. The study recommended that counseling programs should be provided by community health nurses to the caregivers of the elderly, including home visits and outreach programs. Health care providers should also be trained to be able to detect any symptoms or signs of elder abuse
RESUMEN
This study was conduced to investigate the effect of adding Nigella sativa [NS] [5%] seeds on toxicity induced by both lead acetate and aluminum chloride at two levels [10% LD50 [L1] and 20% LD50 [L2]] which were fed to 60 adult male albino rats [118+/-5 g] for six weeks. Ten diet groups [6 rats each] 1- basal diet, 2- basal died + NS, 3- basal diet + L1 Pb, 4- basal diet + L1 Pb +NS, 5- basal diet + L2 Pb, 6- basal diet + L2 Pb +NS, 7- basal diet + L1 Al, 8- basal diet + L1 Al + NS, 9- basal diet + L2 Al, and 10- basal diet + L2 Al + NS. Rats were fed ad libitum during the experimental period at the end of the 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Organs were removed and weighed then tissues were prepared for histopathological examination. All data were statistically analyzed. Results revealed that adding NS to the diet increased body weight gain [BWG] and food intake [Fl] significantly in rats in all groups compared to the control. There were no significant differences in organ relative weight [liver, kidney, and brain] between groups fed either [Pb or Al] at any level with or without addition of NS. Adding NS to the diet contaminated with Pb and Al increased total protein and globulin and decreased cholesterol and triglyceride, serum creatinine, urea, GOT and GPT. Using NS in groups fed on [Pb and Al] increased Hb and RBC's level significantly. Groups fed NS had reduced the blood level of Pb and Al compared to groups fed on Pb and Al alone. Liver and kidney tissue of rats fed L1 and L2 of Pb and Al plus NS showed nearly normal structure compared to the negative control. This study suggests that NS has a beneficial effect on heavy metals intoxication on HB and RBC's