Research progress on metabolites of intestinal flora and food addiction in diabetic patients / 中华临床营养杂志

Appetite is a physiological and psychological factor that governs food intake and food selection. It is regulated by central nerve nuclei, transmitters, peripheral receptors and appetite related factors. Food addiction(FA) and diabetes are related physiologically and pathologically, and are reciprocal independent risk factors. According to research, food addiction is categorized within the subgroup of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is regulated by the mesolimbic dopamine system in the brain, driving extreme hedonic overeating behavior. Food addiction is closely associated with genetic and environmental factors. Many products of intestinal flora metabolism are also involved in the occurrence and development of food addiction. In turn, food addiction also causes changes in intestinal flora metabolites. This article focuses on the correlation between intestinal microbial metabolites and food addiction in diabetic patients.

Risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To identify the risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery.Methods:The medical records of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Peking University First Hospital after non-cardiac surgery from June 2017 to June 2018 were retrospectively collected.Myocardial injury was defined as serum cardiac troponin I concentration>0.06 μg/L within 3 days after operation, and the patients were divided into myocardial injury group and non-myocardial injury group.The perioperative data of patients were obtained through searching the electronic medical record system.The variables of which P values were less than 0.05 would enter the logistic regression analysis to stratify the risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery. Results:A total of 752 patients were included in the study, and the incidence of myocardial injury occurred after non-cardiac surgery was 15.7%.Emergency operation and highest lactic acid concentration during operation were the independent risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery.Conclusion:Emergency operation and highest lactic acid concentration during operation are the independent risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery.

Regulation mechanism of calcium homeostasis in vascular endothelial cells ／ / 心血管康复医学杂志

:Vascular endothelial cells are the barrier of blood vessels .Endothelial injury will lead to occurrence of multiple diseases ,whose mechanism is related to intracellular calcium signal pool regulation .Ca2+ is a secondary messenger for information delivery inside and outside cells ,it initiates endothelial cell signals and plays an important role in controlling vascular tension and endothelial permeability .Study on mechanism of vascular endothelial cell in‐jury has become a hot topic in recent years ,and calcium homeostasis imbalance is the key factor ,whose mechanism is still not clear .The present article reviewed regulating mechanisms of vascular endothelial cytoplasmic membrane calcium transport and intracellular calcium pool regulation , aimed at providing new thinking for prevention and treatment of calcium regulation related diseases .

Related research in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / 中国医师杂志

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a kind of autoimmune disease which has complex clinical manifestations.The treatment is diverse and controversial but the effect is uncertain.Nonsurgical treatment is particularly critical in the process of diseases.However, there is no uniform standard for clinical use among various methods,which often makes it difficult to develop the treatment program.This paper summarizes and compares the methods that have been proven or are expected to be effective in the treatment of TAO in recent years, which committed to provide a reference for clinicians.

Understanding the Healthy China Strategy from Governance Perspective / 中国卫生经济

"Healthy China" is an important component of Chinese governance system.It is not a simple combination of piecemeal health policies,but a system where multiple organizations and policies perform coordinately and well-functionally.Its key components include health policy system,major participants,institutional arrangement and supporting measures.Medical policies,health promotion policies and social policies that influence population health are three subsystems of health policy system.Government,market (enterprise) and individuals are major participants of building a healthy China.An administrative system that protects health,a well-functioned market economy that promotes health,and a system of social mobilization that encourages individuals to improve health are all essential for "Healthy China".Accordingly,progress in legislation,financing,human resources and technology shoult be in place.Considering its complexity,it suggests that China should take advantage of policy experimentation to find out a feasible way to achieve the goals of "Healthy China".

Obestatin attenuates apoptosis induced by high glucose in INS 1 cells / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the effect of obestatin on the apoptosis of rat pancreatic islet cell line INS1 induced by high glucose .Methods INS1 cells were cultured in different concentrations of glucose .The survival rate and proliferation of INS1 cells were detected by MTT method;Hoechst33258 nuclear staining was used to de-tect nuclear morphology.caspase-3 method was used to study the relationship between the protective effect of obestatin and the PI3K pathway;Finally,using real-time PCR detection of FOXO1 and SREBP1c, Bax, PDX-1 expression, to further clarify the protective effect of obestatin on cells.Results In high glucose condition,obesta-tin promoted the proliferation of INS1 cells at 100 nmol/L,and promoted the proliferation of INS 1 cells significantly ( P<0.01 , compared with the control group and high glucose group ) .Obestatin can reduce high glucose-induced apoptosis(P<0.01).The expressions of FOXO1,SREBP1c,Bax and PDX-1 decreased,while the expression of FOXO1,SREBP1c,Bax and PDX-1 increased in high glucose group .Conclusions OB can attenuate the injury of INS1 cells induced by high glucose in rats .

Research progress of dedifferentiation and mechanism of beta cell in type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中国基层医药

Islet βcell dysfunction is one of the important links in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).The latest research shows that the main cause of the continuous β-cell dysfunction under metabolic stress is mainly the dedifferentiation of β-cells,and become endocrine progenitor -like cells with multiple differentiation potentials.Studies have found that the process of dedifferentiation of pancreatic islet βcells is reversible.This finding has provided possibilities and new ideas for preventing and reversing the progressive decline of βcell function and delaying the occurrence of T2DM.

Clinical significance of fractional exhaled nitric oxide combined with in vitro allergen test in identifying children at a high risk of asthma among those with recurrent wheezing / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical value of combined determination of in vitro allergens and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in indentifying children at a high risk of asthma among those with recurrent wheezing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 148 children with recurrent wheezing (0.5-6 years old) were enrolled as study subjects, and 80 healthy children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as the control group. Pharmacia UniCAP immunoassay analyzer was used to measure specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE). Nano Coulomb Nitric Oxide Analyzer was used to measure FeNO. The asthma predictive index (API) was evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The recurrent wheezing group had a significantly higher proportion of children with positive sIgE than the control group [68.9% (102/148) vs 11.3% (9/80); P<0.05]. The recurrent wheezing group also had significantly higher levels and positive rate of FeNO than the control group (P<0.05). The overall positive rate of API in children with wheezing was 32.4%, and the API-positive children had a significantly higher FeNO value than the API-negative children (51±6 ppb vs 13±5 ppb; P<0.05). The detection rate of API was 40.2% (41/102) in positive-sIgE children and 50.1% (38/73) in FeNO-positive children, and there was no significant difference between these two groups. The children with positive sIgE and FeNO had a significantly higher detection rate of API (81.4%) than those with positive sIgE or FeNO (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Combined determination of FeNO and in vitro allergens is more sensitive in detecting children at a high risk of asthma than FeNO or in vitro allergens determination alone and provides a good method for early identification, diagnosis, and intervention of asthma in children.</p>

Relationship between Modulator Recognition Factor 2/AT-rich Interaction Domain 5B Gene Variations and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Lipid Metabolism in a Northern Chinese Population / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the modulator recognition factor 2/AT-rich interaction domain 5B (MRF2/ARID5B) gene located at chromosome 10q21.2 have been shown to be associated with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease in a Japanese cohort. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between these SNPs (rs2893880, rs10740055, rs7087507, rs10761600) and new-onset T2DM and lipid metabolism in a Northern Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a case-control study. The rs2893880, rs10740055, rs7087507, and rs10761600 genetic variants were genotyped by SNPscan and analyzed in relation to T2DM susceptibility in 2000 individuals (999 with newly diagnosed T2DM and 1001 controls without diabetes mellitus). Associations between the MRF2/ARID5B genetic models and T2DM were determined by multivariate logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Regarding the rs10740055 SNP, AA was associated with a higher risk of T2DM compared with codominant-type CC (adjusted by sex, age, and body mass index [BMI], P= 0.041, odds ratio [OR] = 1.421, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.014-1.991). Meanwhile, AA individuals were at increased risk of presenting with T2DM compared with individuals with CC or a single C (adjusted by sex, age, and BMI, P= 0.034, OR = 1.366, 95% CI 1.023-1.824). With respect to rs10761600, AT contributed to a higher risk of T2DM compared with AA (adjusted by sex, age, and BMI, P= 0.013, OR = 1.585, 95% CI 1.101-2.282), while TT also increased the risk of presenting with T2DM compared with AA or A (adjusted by sex, age, and BMI, P= 0.004, OR = 1.632, 95% CI 1.166-2.284). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly different among the three genotypes of rs7087507 in the controls (P = 0.048) (GG>GA).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present results identified MRF2/ARID5B as a potential susceptibility gene for new-onset T2DM in a Northern Chinese population, while the rs7087507 SNP was associated with HDL-C levels. Further larger studies are required to validate these findings.</p>

Clinical analysis of ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma. Methods 100 patients with acute attack of asthma treated from March 2015 to October 2016 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group received terbutaline sulfate inhalation, and the experimental group received ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation treatment. The patients in the experimental group and the control group were treated for 7 days continuously. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results After the corresponding treatment, the effective rate of treatment in the experimental group (94.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (72.0%),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The improvement time of dyspnea, rale and cough in control group was significantly longer than that in the experimental group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma has better clinical efficacy and shorter clinical symptoms.

Application of detection methods for iodine content in human body / 中华地方病学杂志

Iodine is an important raw material for the synthesis of thyroid hormones,both iodine deficiency and iodine excess can lead to severe thyroid diseases,its role in thyroid diseases has increasingly been recognized.Determination of iodine in the human body has also become an important means of iodine nutrition assessment.The currently iodine detection methods for human body including determination of urinary,serum,hair and nail iodine content,it also include iodine content in thyroid by medical imaging and in thyroid tissue specimens by surgery.The author summarizes the application of the above methods for the detection of iodine content.

Clinical analysis of ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma. Methods 100 patients with acute attack of asthma treated from March 2015 to October 2016 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group received terbutaline sulfate inhalation, and the experimental group received ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation treatment. The patients in the experimental group and the control group were treated for 7 days continuously. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results After the corresponding treatment, the effective rate of treatment in the experimental group (94.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (72.0%),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The improvement time of dyspnea, rale and cough in control group was significantly longer than that in the experimental group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Ipratropium bromide combined with terbutaline sulfate inhalation in the treatment of acute attack of asthma has better clinical efficacy and shorter clinical symptoms.

Interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on risk of diabetes in population with normotension in Harbin: a cross-sectional study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes in population with normotension.Methods A multistage stratified probability random sampling was conducted to select a representative sample of urban residents aged 20-74 years in Harbin.A total of 376 diabetes patients with normotension and 3 692 residents with normal blood pressure,normal fasting glucose,and normal 2 hours glucose from OGTT were surveyed.The interaction was evaluated by using crossover analysis and additive model.Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that there was a possible additive interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes.The relative excess risk due to the interaction,the attributable proportion due to the interaction,and the synergy index were 1.97 (95％CI:-0.32-4.26),0.30 (95％CI:0.03-0.57),and 1.54 (95％CI:0.96-2.47),respectively.There were significant combination effects between family history of diabetes and high both total cholesterol and triglyceride,isolated high total cholesterol,and isolated high triglyceride levels;the ORs were 10.55 (95％CI:5.62-19.80),7.81 (95％CI:3.65-16.71) and 5.13 (95％CI:3.22-8.16),respectively.Conclusion There might be synergistic effect between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes in population with normotension.

Interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on risk of diabetes in population with normotension in Harbin: a cross-sectional study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes in population with normotension.Methods A multistage stratified probability random sampling was conducted to select a representative sample of urban residents aged 20-74 years in Harbin.A total of 376 diabetes patients with normotension and 3 692 residents with normal blood pressure,normal fasting glucose,and normal 2 hours glucose from OGTT were surveyed.The interaction was evaluated by using crossover analysis and additive model.Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that there was a possible additive interaction between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes.The relative excess risk due to the interaction,the attributable proportion due to the interaction,and the synergy index were 1.97 (95％CI:-0.32-4.26),0.30 (95％CI:0.03-0.57),and 1.54 (95％CI:0.96-2.47),respectively.There were significant combination effects between family history of diabetes and high both total cholesterol and triglyceride,isolated high total cholesterol,and isolated high triglyceride levels;the ORs were 10.55 (95％CI:5.62-19.80),7.81 (95％CI:3.65-16.71) and 5.13 (95％CI:3.22-8.16),respectively.Conclusion There might be synergistic effect between family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on the risk of diabetes in population with normotension.

Association of Common Genetic Variants in Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Chinese Han Population / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>A study has identified several novel susceptibility variants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within the German population. Among the variants, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MAP4K4 (rs1003376, rs11674694, rs2236935, rs2236936, and rs6543087) showed significant association with T2DM or diabetes-related quantitative traits. We aimed to evaluate whether common SNPs in the MAP4K4 gene were associated with T2DM in the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five candidate SNPs were genotyped in 996 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM and in 976 control subjects, using the SNPscan™ method. All subjects were recruited from the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University from October 2010 to September 2013. We evaluated the T2DM risk conferred by individual SNPs and haplotypes using logistic analysis, and the association between the five SNPs and metabolic traits in the subgroups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the five variants, SNP rs2236935T/C was significantly associated with T2DM in this study population (odds ratio = 1.293; 95% confidence interval: 1.034-1.619, P= 0.025). In addition, among the controls, rs1003376 was significantly associated with an increased body mass index (P = 0.045) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.037).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MAP4K4 gene is associated with T2DM in a Chinese Han population, and MAP4K4 gene variants may contribute to the risk toward the development of T2DM.</p>

Relationship between iodine and thyroid cancer / 中国医师杂志

In recent years,thyroid cancer incidence increased year by year,after the effective prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in many countries,which caused widespread attention in academia.Whether is this increasing trend related to the implementation of policy of iodized salt in many countries? Currently,the association between iodine intake and thyroid cancer is unclear.This review article describes the metabolic and nutritional status of iodine,and the epidemiology of thyroid cancer,and further elaborates the relationship and the pathogenesis of iodine and thyroid cancer.

Toxicity and treament of ricin poisoning:a review / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Ricin is a plant toxin isolated from the seed of the castor plant(Ricinus communis). As a typical II ribosome inactivating protein,ricin consists of two polypeptide chains named ricin toxin A chain(RTA)and ricin toxin B chain(RTB),linked via a disulfide bridge. RTB binds to both glycopro?tein and glycolipid at the surface of the target cell and mediates ricin to be endocytosed and transported retro?gradely to the endoplasmic reticulum. After being reduced and retrotranslocated to the cytosol,RTA mediates its toxicity due to its activity of a RNA N- glycosidases. Aside from its main toxic effect of protein synthesis inhibition,ricin also displays other properties that contribute to its toxicity such as inducing apoptosis,cytokine secreting and peroxidation. Ricin is stable and can be easily isolated. It has many routes of intoxication with no specific antidotes. Due to its natural abundance,remarkable toxicity,and the potential to be used in biological warfare as well as terrorist attacks,ricin has been classified as a Category B biothreat agent. Here we reviewed its history as a biothreat agent,constitu?tion,intoxication mechanism,detection methods and the development of specific antitodes.

Affection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in miR-27a, miR-124a, and miR-146a on susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han people / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Polymorphisms of microRNA (miRNA), as a novel mechanism, are closely associated with disease states by interfering with miRNA function. Direct correlations have been identified between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA, but the effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset among Chinese population remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify correlations between common SNPs in miR-27a, miR-146a, and miR-124a with T2DM among a Chinese population, as well as to explore diabetic pathological mechanisms and the impact of environmental factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SNPscan technology was used to genotype 995 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM and 967 controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare mutation frequencies between cases and controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found no significant correlations between all genotypes of these miRNAs and T2DM in our research. However, stratification analysis identified a lower risk of T2DM associated with the rs531564GC genotype among younger subjects (age < 45 years) (adjusted P = 0.043; odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54-0.99). Furthermore, the rs895819CC genotype in overweight people (24 ≤ body mass index [BMI] < 28) was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (adjusted P = 0.042; OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.02-2.94), while the rs2910164 genotype in miR-146a was not significantly correlated with T2DM. The genetic risk score was calculated based on the number of risk alleles of the three SNPs and was found to be correlated to total cholesterol (adjusted P = 0.021).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The rs531564GC genotype acted as a protective factor to decrease the risk of T2DM in younger subjects (age < 45 years), while the presence of the rs895819CC genotype increased the risk of illness among overweight subjects (24 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m 2 ). The presence of SNPs in miRNA might promote disease by affecting miRNA expression and gene function. Thus, miRNA mimics or inhibitors that directly regulate miRNA expression present novel and promising therapeutic targets.</p>

The diagnosis and management strategies for gastrointestinal hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the causes and clinical features of gastrointestinal hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), and to provide the management strategies for this complication.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinic data of 412 patients who underwent PD from January 2000 to April 2010 was retrospectively reviewed. There were 232 male and 180 female patients, average age was (60 ± 12) years. The mode of procedure was standard PD and the Child's reconstruction of digestive tract, whose anastomosic steps encluded gastroenterostomy following chlangioenterostomy and pancreaticoenterostomy, was employed. Etiology of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, diagnostic methods and treatment strategy was recorded and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The postoperative mobidity was 37.1% (153/412), the rate of haemorrhagic complications was 6.6% (27/412), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was recorded in 11 patients (2.7%). The bleeding rate of pancreaticointestinal anastomosis and gastricointestinal anastomosis were 5/11 and 4/11, respectively. Among these 11 patients, early hemorrhage occurred in 6 patients, 7 patients were due to technical failure. In order to control this kind of complication, open abdominal operation alone was performed on 4 patients, endoscopic management was performed on 3 patients and succeeded in 2 patients, vascular interventional therapy was performed on 5 patients and succeeded in 2 patients, and Re-laparotomy following vascular interventional therapy was performed on 2 patients successfully.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Gastrointestinal hemorrhage following PD always occurred in early stage and reliable hemostasis during operation is the key points for prevention. Angiography is minimally invasive and holds the diagnostic value. Timely and decisive reoperation is an important method to management of postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage.</p>

Association of rs11196218, rs290487 polymorphisms in TCF7L2 gene with metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus population / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To study the association of TCF7L2 gene rs11196218,rs290487 polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus population.Methods According to the diagnostic criteria of international diabetes federation (IDF),680 cases of type 2 diabetes patients were divided into metabolic syndrome (MS) group and non metabolic syndrome (control) group.DNA was extracted from peripheral mononuclear cells,and then PCR was performed to specifically amplify TCF7L2 gene fragments.Gene polymorphisms were determined by connected enzyme detection reaction.After population representative was checked by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,statistical analysis was completed by software SPSS 13.0.Results The population was accorded with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and possessed the population representative.Frequency distributions of genotypes (GG,AG and AA) in TCF7L2 gene rs11196218 in MS and control groups were 55.6％(233/419),35.8％(150/419),8.6％ (36/419) and 54.8％ (126/230),39.1％ (90/230),6.1％ (14/230),respectively.Frequency distributions of alleles(G and A) in TCF7L2 gene rs11196218 in MS and control groups were 73.5％(616/838),26.5％(222/838)and 74.3％(342/460),25.7％(118/460),respectively.Frequency distributions of genotypes (GG,AG and AA) in TCF7L2 gene rs290487 in MS and control groups were 14.8％(62/418),42.3％(177/418),42.9％(179/418) and 15.0％(34/226),48.2％(109/226),36.8％(83/226),respectively.Frequency distributions of alleles(G and A) in TCF7L2 gene rs11196218 in MS and control groups were 36.0％ (301/836),64.0％ (535/836) and 39.1％ (177/452),60.9％ (275/452),respectively.Frequency distribution of allele and genotype in TCF7L2 genes rsl 1196218 and rs290487 between the two groups were not associated with metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes population (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions TCF7L2 gene rs11196218,rs290487 polymorphisms has not association with metabolic syndrome of type 2 diabetes.