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Background: As depression is one of the common diseases in the world and because of the lack of proper response via usual medications, using electromagnet fields [EMF], as an alternative treatment, has become noticeable. Thus, in the present study, the effect of EMF with low frequencies was investigated on the treatment of depression
Materials and methods: The experimental study was carried out on 32 male mice [albino, mean weight of 30g] after their adaptation in animal house. The animals were classified into 4 groups [n=8]. All 4 groups were injected with high dose of reserpine [5 mg/kg] i.p. and from those, 3 groups exposed with EMF [10, 25, and 50 HZ frequencies, respectively, with intense 250 micro T] for one week, 30 minutes daily. In all 3 groups, the signs of depression [sedation, righting reflexes and swimming], diarrhea, eyes hemorrhage, and feet and hands hemorrhage were observed and compared with control group [those without exposing to EMFs]
Results: Reserpine-induced depression caused sedation, righting reflex disorders, swimming difficulty, diarrhea and eye bleeding. The sedation in 10 and 25 HZ was significantly decreased. EMF in all frequencies decreased sings significantly, particularly in 25 HZ frequency. In swimming, EMF with 10 Hz was the most effective frequency
Conclusion: The findings showed that using EMES in low frequency can reduce most signs of reserpine-induced depression
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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of groundwater in the villages of Qom province during summer 2014, and to compare the results with Iran's Standard No. 1053
Methods: This research is a descriptive sectional study. During the investigation, one step sampling with the necessary repetitions [if necessary] was performed of each well for evaluation of physical and chemical quality of groundwater in the villages of Qom province. SPSS version 16 and ARCGIS software were employed for data analysis and data zoning respectively
Results: The average concentration of magnesium, sulfate and ammonia in wells water were higher than standard. The average concentration of fluoride was lower than the standard limit. pH and turbidity in all wells were within the standard limit but sulfate in 33.33%, ammonia in 13.33%, magnesium in 10.66%, sodium in 40%, calcium in 5.33%, nitrate in 17.33%, total dissolved solids [TDS] in 14.66% and electrical conductivity [EC] in 24% of wells were higher than the standard limit, and fluorine in 98.66% of wells was lower than the standard limit. The results of zoning in the villages of Qom province revealed that measured values at most wells were in the maximum amount in central and northeastern areas and minimum amount in southern and western areas
Conclusion: This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters such as fluoride in almost all villages, and sulfates, chloride, magnesium, sodium, calcium, nitrate, TDS and EC in some of the wells did not fall within the permissible limit
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Background: This study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in Qom city during the summer of 2012
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The studied scopes consisted of groundwater [60 wells], reservoirs [10 tanks], and water distribution network [33 points]. One sample was taken from each source monthly. Statistical tests used included post hoc tests [Tukey HSD]. Finally, the results were compared with drinking water standards
Results: The average concentrations of iron in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.09, 0.07, and 0.07 mg/l, respectively. The average concentrations of manganese in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.15, 0.09, and 0.1 mg/l, respectively. The turbidity averages in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.58, 0.6, and 0.52 NTU, respectively. The average concentrations of free chlorine residual in water reservoirs and distribution networks were 1.74 and 1.06 mg/l, respectively. The pH averages in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 7.4, 7.7, and 7.5, respectively. The amounts of iron, manganese, turbidity, free chlorine residual, and pH in the investigated resources had no significant differences [P > 0.05]
Conclusion: The amounts of iron, manganese, turbidity, free chlorine residual and pH in groundwater, reservoirs, and water distribution networks of Qom are within permissible limits of national standards and EPA guidelines. Only the amount of manganese was higher than the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] permissible limit
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Background: The effective size of the end grain of horizontal roughing filters [HRFs] is larger than 2 mm. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of HRFs in removing nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand [COD] from effluent of a wastewater stabilization pond
Methods: This experimental study was conducted in 2013. The pilot project was transferred to the Karaj wastewater treatment plant [stabilization pond], and the installation, equipping, and start-up of the system began using an effluent treatment plant. Sampling was done from March to August in 3 rates, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/h, and included simultaneous sampling from inlet and outlet filtering to determine the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and COD
Results: At filtration rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/h, the average nitrate removal equaled 25%, 32%, and 34%, respectively, average phosphate removal equaled 29%, 26%, and 28%, respectively, and the average COD removal at filtration rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/h equaled 62%, 66%, and 68%, respectively. Outlet values of phosphate and nitrate were lower than the standards set by the Environmental Standards Organization [ESO] [P < 0.05]
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the HRF function was approximately adequate in COD removal, but its efficiency in nitrate and phosphate removal was lower
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Background: Infections are readily transmitted as a result of bacterial contamination of swimming pools. Therefore, hygiene and preventing the contamination of swimming pools is of particular importance. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of bacterial contamination in indoor pools of Yazd in 2013
Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, all indoor swimming pools of Yazd [12 pools] were evaluated during the spring and summer of 2013, in terms of bacterial contamination. In order to determine contamination, a sterile cotton swab was used for sampling. On average, 45 samples were taken from different surfaces in each pool [shower, dressing room, sitting places in sauna, platforms and around the pool]. In total, about 540 samples from all pools were tested for bacterial contamination
Results: The results show that from 540 samples, bacterial contamination was observed in about 93 samples [17.22%]; and was seen more in showers, edges of the pool and jacuzzis, and the slippers used in swimming pools. The most important isolated bacteria types were E. coli, Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia
Conclusion: The results indicate the presence of bacterial contamination on the surface of these places. It is recommended that health authorities should pay more attention to cleaning and disinfecting surfaces around the pool, showers, dressing rooms etc, to prevent infectious disease transfer as a result of contact with contaminated swimming pool surfaces
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Background: Water resource management is a strategic issue in Qom city. Water scarcity is one of the most critical concerns of industrial estates. This study aimed to evaluate wastewater management in the Shokuhieh industrial park of Qom province in 2013
Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done by visiting the industrial units in person, completing questionnaires and analyzing the results. The questionnaire had 25 questions, including general information, the status of water supply, treatment and consumption, wastewater production, reuse or discharge of produced wastewater and the status of wastewater treatment and discharge of effluent. The industrial units evaluated were active with over 50 personnel and numbered 44 in total
Results: The water suppliers in the industries included network [70.5%], network and reverse osmosis [RO] [22.5%], network and tanker [2.4%] and tanker [4.6%]. 63.63% of the industries had water treatment systems. 19.5% reused wastewater and 31.8% performed pretreatment before discharge of wastewater. The discharge sites of water treatment units' effluent included the absorption well [17%], greenbelt [18%] and sewer [65%]. Discharge sites of sanitary wastewater in 50% of the industries was sewer and in 50%, it was absorption well. The discharge sites of processed wastewater was reuse [2%], sewer [52%] and absorption well [46%]. Discharge sites of exiting effluent from pretreatment units in the industrial park, included sewer [85.5%], transport by tanker [7.1%] and absorption well [7.1%]. The type of pretreatment process in 35.7% of the industries was chemical and in 64.3%, it was septic tank
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that pre-treatment is not done in most industries and wastewater reuse is performed in few industries. The main method of wastewater disposal in industries was by discharge into the sewer and absorbent well
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Giving improper prescriptions is common among medical practitioners, mostly graduates, in most communities even developed countries. So far, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on prescription writing of graduate midwifery students. Therefore, this study aimed to detect prescription writing errors of midwifery students in common gynecological problems. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 56 bachelor midwifery students, who had passed the theoretical and clinical courses of gynecology, were evaluated by Objective Structured Clinical Examination [OSCE]. A demographic questionnaire and a standard checklist for writing the prescriptions and medications were used for data collection. SPSS Version 16 was used to carry out descriptive statistics. Most of the students were single, with the mean age of 23.0 +/- 1.7 years. Most errors were related to not recording the patients' age and sex, diagnosis, chief complaint, and the prescriber's name [observed in less than 10% of the prescriptions]. The complete dosage schedule and drug name were stated only in 1.8 +/- 4.8 and 14 +/- 18.6 of prescriptions, respectively. In more than 93% of the cases, route of use and treatment duration were not recorded. According to the results, the number of prescription errors of midwifery students was high. Therefore, it is recommended to run educational courses on prescription writing skills [e.g. writing prescriptions based on World Health Organization [WHO] guidelines] for the midwifery students
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Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipose tissue that affect whole-body energy metabolism. Exercise training exerts beneficial effects on adipose tissue. However, less is known regarding visfatin's, IL-6 and TNF-alpha response to an interval acute training. Therefore, we investigated the effects of acute interval exercise on plasma visfatin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, in healthy female rats. Furthermore, correlate between changes probably these factors were also assessed. This study was conducted experimentally. Forty five female sprague dawley rat were randomly divided into three groups: pre test [n = 15], treadmill exercise [n = 15] and sedentary controls [n = 15]. The acute alternative exercise consisted of treadmill running: 3 session/ week for 8 week. The changes of plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha and Visfatin levels were measured by ELISA analysis. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with measures [ANOVA] and post hoc Tukey test. Acute interval treadmill exercise led to significant decreases in visfatin [P = 0/036], IL-6 [P = 0/009] and TNF-alpha [P = 0/022] plasma levels between the groups. Also, this study no significant correlations between the changes in adipokines were observed. Decreased levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 correlated with intensity and duration exercise. Furthermore, probably there were some factors except weight decreasing that affects on visfatin decrease. Therefore, the reduction of this factor may cause in preventing metabolic disease
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Leeches are annelids, comprising the subclass Hirudinea. There are freshwater, terrestrial and marine leeches. Haemophagic leeches attach to their hosts and remain there until they become filled up with blood and then they fall off to digest. Leech bites can manifest various symptoms, which lead to anemia. Here is reported, a case of leech bites in a 9-month-old infant, with a long history of hematemesis, melena, epistaxis and anemia which demanded repeated transfusions. So, leech bites may be a differential diagnosis of anemia particularly in the endemic rural areas where villagers use non boiled water.
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Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Epistaxis/diagnóstico , Epistaxis/etiología , Humanos , Lactante , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/complicaciones , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/diagnóstico , Irán , Sanguijuelas , Masculino , NasofaringeRESUMEN
Patient satisfaction survey is an instrumental component in hospital's quality of care monitoring in relation to cost and services. This study was conducted to evaluate patient satisfaction and its related factors. A cross sectional study was performed between April 2006 and August 2006. Sample size was determined as 476 from 5021 by randomized sampling in several phases according to the proportion of hospitalized patient. Participants were interviewed privately face to face in the hospital at discharge time. Interviews were conducted by trained interviewers using pre tested questionnaires. Correlation between variables was estimated by using Pearson's Correlation. The majority, 83% of patient was quite satisfied with their care and 1% was dissatisfied. About 91% of patients were most satisfied with physician communication and treatment. Only 27% of patients were satisfied with nutrition status. There was no relationship between age, education and total satisfaction. Percentage of patient faithfulness and recommendation for this hospital to their friends was 66% and 65% respectively. Both male and female patients whose hospital stay was between 11-15 days were more satisfied with the service provided. In general, patients were quite satisfied with their hospital care. More studies such as this survey are required to improve the quality of care and overall health cares outcome