Analysis of the suspected cases of measles and rubella in Pudong New Area of Shanghai， 2013‒2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic characteristics of measles and rubella in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2013 to 2022， and to provide data support for the elimination of measles and rubella. MethodsEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect IgM antibodies in serum samples. The sequence of 630 nucleotides at the C-terminal of N gene of measles virus was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the phylogenic tree was constructed. ResultsA total of 1 529 suspected cases of measles were detected from 2013 to 2022， among which the positive rate of measles IgM antibody was 33.55% （513/1 529）. The highest positive rate （20.73%） was from March to May ， and the positive rate of rubella IgM antibody was 6.80% （104/1 529）. The positive rate of both IgM was higher in males than that in females （P<0.05）. The IgM against measles was mainly detected in 0‒ years old （63.16%， 96/152） and 20‒ years old （45.61%， 161/353）. The IgM against rubella was mainly detected in 10‒20 years old （27.27%， 18/66）. The IgM antibody could be detected more easily from 4 to 28 days after eruption， and the IgM antibody positive rate of measles/rubella from 2020 to 2022 was significantly lower than previous years （2013‒2019）. There were 2 D8 genotype strains， and the rest were H1a gene subtypes. ConclusionThe positive rate of IgM antibodies against measles/rubella in Pudong New Area of Shanghai decreased significantly. People aged 0‒ years and 20‒ years old are more susceptible to measles， and rubella is concentrated in 10‒ years old. It is necessary to strengthen the vaccination of school-age children， in order to achieve the goal of eliminating measles. The age group with high risk of exposure should be checked for vaccination status to ensure the enhanced immunization， and the surveillance of imported measles cases should be strengthened.

Epidemiological analysis on the norovirus detection based on diarrhea syndromic surveillance in Pudong , Shanghai ,2012—2016 / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus detection based on the diarrhea syndromic surveillance in Pudong ,Shanghai .Methods Diarrhea syndromic surveillance program was conducted in outpatient and emergency departments of 12 sentinel hospitals during 2012 -2016 .The clinical and epidemiological data of diarrheal patients were collected .The fecal specimens were also sampled . The detections for norovirus by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing were performed .Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test was used to compare the detection rate .Binary logistic regression was used to explore the impact factors of norovirus infection among diarrheal patients . Results The detective rate of norovirus among diarrheal patients was 21 .59％ ,peaking from October to next March .Among all the age groups ,the detection rate was highest among patients with 25 - 64 years old .The patients with more severe diarrhea symptoms (> 5 times a day) were more likely to be infected with norovirus than those with diarrhea 3 - 5 times a day (χ2 = 21 .167 ,P< 0 .01) .Vomiting was also an indicator of norovirus infection .Patients presented with vomiting had a higher norovirus detection rate (χ2 = 198 .543 , P < 0 .01) . Norovirus G Ⅱ was the predominant genotype .Conclusions The recent epidemic of norovirus infection in diarrheal patients in Pudong new district has an apparent seasonality peaked from October to next March .Adult ,patients with vomiting and more severe diarrhea symptoms are at risk of norovirus infection .The long-term surveillance is critical for the norovirus infection control .

Infection status and virulent genes of Aeromonas in diarrhea patients in Pudong New Area, Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the infection status and virulent genes of Aeromonas in patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 2012, stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients in 12 sentinel hospitals in Pudong for the detections of 13 pathogens causing diarrhea, and the detections of 5 diarrhea related virulent genes were conducted for Aeromonas isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 101 patients were infected with Aeromonas in 2533 patients (4.0%). A total of 101 Aeromonas strains were isolated, including 17 Aeromonas hydrophila strains (18.8%), 44 Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains (52.5%) and 12 Aeromonas caviae strains (29.7%). And 44 coinfections with other pathogens were detected. Aeromonas infection mainly occurred in summer and in people aged ≥20 years. Among the patients infected with Aeromonas, 71 (70.3%) had watery diarrhea, 20 (19.8%) had vomiting and 11 (10.9%) had fever. Virulent genes detection showed that 95.0% of the Aeromonas. strains carried virulent genes, and the detection rates of hlyA, aerA, act, alt, and ast genes were 5.9%, 6.9%, 67.3%, 42.6% and 13.9%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>High incidence of Aeromonas infection was found in the patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong, and a high proportion of coinfections with other pathogens was detected too. Most Aeromonas strains carried virulent genes, and the distribution varied.</p>

Evaluation of the effect of plant nursing formulation on rabbit with mannitol- induced phlebitis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To research the best plant treatment formulation of flos carthami,aloe vera and potato on mannitol-induced phlebitis in rabbits. Methods Using mannitol-induced phlebitis model in rabbits,the experimental groups contained simple dosage and mixture of three plants,the control groups were blank control group and 95％ ethanol group.The curative effects of phlebitis treatment were observed between groups. Results The curative effect of aloe vera and potato mixture group was the best compared with other groups. Conclusions All of the three plants have good curative effects on mannitol-induced phlebitis,and the best plant treatment formulation was aloevera and potato mix-using.