Contrecoup Injury associated with Fatal Portal Vein Bleeding:A Case Report

A 64-year-old male visited our emergency department due to severe right flank pain after falling from a 2-meter height. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a right hemothorax with multiple fractures in the right ribs and iliac bone. A small hematoma in the right perihepatic space was noted, but there was no hepatic laceration on CT. Initial surgical management led to continuous uncontrolled bleeding around the porta hepatis, and subsequent arterial angiography could not demonstrate a bleeding focus. However, immediate follow-up CT showed contrast extravasation on the left side of abdomen, and a percutaneous transhepatic portal venogram revealed active bleeding from the left portal vein. Although the wound was embolized with a glue, the patient suffered from a cardiac arrest and finally expired. In conclusion, during evaluation of abdominal trauma patients, portal vein bleeding and contrecoup injuries should be considered when hepatic arteriography findings are unremarkable.

A Case of Complete Response with Biliary Stenosis after Hepatic Arterial Injection and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy to Hepatoecllular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Thrombosis

Curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein invasion is difficult to achieve, and the prognosis is dismal. Combining external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has shown favorable local therapeutic effects for patients with HCC exhibiting portal vein invasion. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a recently developed EBRT modality that shows excellent tumor control. The combination of SBRT and HAIC for HCC with portal vein invasion has not been well-studied. We report a patient with HCC and portal vein invasion who achieved 15 months of survival with complete response status after combination SBRT and HAIC. The patient later experienced grade 3 biliary stricture and died of liver abscesses of unknown etiologies that subsequently appeared.

An Innovative Ultrasound Technique for Evaluation of Tumor Vascularity in Breast Cancers: Superb Micro-Vascular Imaging / 한국유방암학회지

Tumor vascularity is an important indicator for differential diagnosis, tumor growth, and prognosis. Superb micro-vascular imaging (SMI) is an innovative ultrasound technique for vascular examination that uses a multidimensional filter to eliminate clutter and preserve extremely low-velocity flows. Theoretically, SMI could depict more vessels and more detailed vascular morphology, due to the increased sensitivity of slow blood flow. Here, we report the early experience of using SMI in 21 breast cancer patients. We evaluated tumor vascular features in breast cancer and compared SMI and conventional color or power Doppler imaging. SMI was superior to color or power Doppler imaging in detecting tumor vessels, the details of vessel morphology, and both peripheral and central vascular distribution. In conclusion, SMI is a promising ultrasound technique for evaluating microvascular information of breast cancers.

Breast Cancer Detection in a Screening Population: Comparison of Digital Mammography, Computer-Aided Detection Applied to Digital Mammography and Breast Ultrasound / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the detection of breast cancer using full-field digital mammography (FFDM), FFDM with computer-aided detection (FFDM+CAD), ultrasound (US), and FFDM+CAD plus US (FFDM+CAD+US), and to investigate the factors affecting cancer detection. METHODS: In this retrospective study conducted from 2008 to 2012, 48,251 women underwent FFDM and US for cancer screening. One hundred seventy-one breast cancers were detected: 115 invasive cancers and 56 carcinomas in situ. Two radiologists evaluated the imaging findings of FFDM, FFDM+CAD, and US, based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon of the American College of Radiology by consensus. We reviewed the clinical and the pathological data to investigate factors affecting cancer detection. We statistically used generalized estimation equations with a logit link to compare the cancer detectability of different imaging modalities. To compare the various factors affecting detection versus nondetection, we used Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-square, or Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The detectability of breast cancer by US (96.5%) or FFDM+CAD+US (100%) was superior to that of FFDM (87.1%) (p=0.019 or p<0.001, respectively) or FFDM+ CAD (88.3%) (p=0.050 or p<0.001, respectively). However, cancer detectability was not significantly different between FFDM versus FFDM+CAD (p=1.000) and US alone versus FFDM+CAD+US (p=0.126). The tumor size influenced cancer detectability by all imaging modalities (p<0.050). In FFDM and FFDM+CAD, the nondetecting group consisted of younger patients and patients with a denser breast composition (p<0.050). In breast US, carcinoma in situ was more frequent in the nondetecting group (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: For breast cancer screening, breast US alone is satisfactory for all age groups, although FFDM+ CAD+US is the perfect screening method. Patient age, breast composition, and pathological tumor size and type may influence cancer detection during screening.

Pancreatic Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma with Solitary Liver Metastasis Showing Different Imaging Features

Among exocrine pancreatic tumors, adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare, aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis and a high potential for metastases compared with its more conventional glandular counterpart, adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. We herein describe the imaging findings of pancreatic adenosquamous cell carcinoma with solitary liver metastasis showing different imaging features and also review the previous literature to recognize characteristic imaging features of pancreatic adenosquamous cell carcinoma.

A Newly Designed Y-shaped Covered Stent in the Palliative Treatment of Hepatic Hilar Malignant Obstruction: Case Report

We report a case in an inoperable patient with the hilar malignant biliary obstruction treated palliatively by the use of a newly designed Y-shaped covered stent without interfering contra-lateral bile duct. We percutaneously inserted a newly designed Y-shaped covered stent into a biliary tree in an inoperable patient with Bismuth Type II cholangiocarcinoma. We checked tubograms, enhanced CT studies, and blood bilirubin levels before, one week after, and at every three month after the stenting, by observing closely the signs of clinical infection as well. The follow-up period was about 12 months. The placement of the Y-shaped covered stent was successful and resulted in adequate biliary drainage in the immediate post-procedural tubogram and in the follow-up abdominal CT. The serum bilirubin levels did not show elevation after the insertion of the Y-shaped covered stent.

Erratum: A Newly Designed Y-shaped Covered Stent in the Palliative Treatment of Hepatic Hilar Malignant Obstruction: Case Report

On page 97, the second author's name has been incorrectly spelled as So Yon Lee. The correct spelling is So Won Lee.

Fluoroscopic Guided Fogarty Embolectomy for an Angio-Seal Embolism in the Popliteal Artery

The Angio-Seal is a widely used arterial closure device that helps achieve faster hemostasis and provide early ambulation to patients. However, it can cause various complications in clinical practice. We present the uncommon complication of popliteal artery occlusion following Angio-Seal deployment, and describe an effective interventional approach to its treatment. Because fluoroscopy-guided Fogarty embolectomy has the advantages of complete removal of the embolus without fragmentation, and clear visualization of the exact location of the embolus during the procedure, it is a suitable method for treating this complication.

Which Phantom Is Better for Assessing the Image Quality in Full-Field Digital Mammography?: American College of Radiology Accreditation Phantom versus Digital Mammography Accreditation Phantom

OBJECTIVE: To compare between the American College of Radiology (ACR) accreditation phantom and digital mammography accreditation phantom in assessing the image quality in full-field digital mammography (FFDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In each week throughout the 42-week study, we obtained phantom images using both the ACR accreditation phantom and the digital mammography accreditation phantom, and a total of 42 pairs of images were included in this study. We assessed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in each phantom image. A radiologist drew a square-shaped region of interest on the phantom and then the mean value of the SNR and the standard deviation were automatically provided on a monitor. SNR was calculated by an equation, measured mean value of SNR-constant coefficient of FFDM/standard deviation. Two breast radiologists scored visible objects (fibers, specks, and masses) with soft-copy images and calculated the visible rate (number of visible objects/total number of objects). We compared SNR and the visible rate of objects between the two phantoms and calculated the k-coefficient for interobserver agreement. RESULTS: The SNR of the ACR accreditation phantom ranged from 42.0 to 52.9 (Mean, 47.3 +/- 2.79) and that of Digital Phantom ranged from 24.8 to 54.0 (Mean, 44.1 +/- 9.93) (p = 0.028). The visible rates of all three types of objects were much higher in the ACR accreditation phantom than those in the digital mammography accreditation phantom (p < 0.05). Interobserver agreement for visible rates of objects on phantom images was fair to moderate agreement (k-coefficients: 0.34-0.57). CONCLUSION: The ACR accreditation phantom is superior to the digital mammography accreditation phantom in terms of SNR and visibility of phantom objects. Thus, ACR accreditation phantom appears to be satisfactory for assessing the image quality in FFDM.

True Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Following Hyperabduction during Sleep: A Case Report

True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is an uncommon disease and is difficult to diagnose at the early stage and then completely cure. We experienced a case of true neurogenic TOS with typical clinical symptoms and electrophysiologic findings as a result of repetitive habitual sleep posture. A 31-year-old woman who had complained of progressive tingling sensation on the 4th and 5th fingers with shoulder pain was diagnosed of brachial plexopathy at the lower trunk level by electrodiagnostic studies. There was no other cause of brachial plexopathy except her habit of hyperabduction of shoulder during sleep. This case demonstrated that the habitual abnormal posture can be the only major cause of neurogenic TOS. It is of importance to consider TOS with the habitual cause because simple correction of the posture could stabilize or even reverse disease progress.

Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Ischiorectal Fossa : CT and MRI Findings

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare neoplasm, which is usually presented as a pleural based mass, but can also occur in unusual locations based on its mesenchymal origin. However, the radiologic features of SFT occurred in the ischiorectal fossa have been rarely reported. In this case, we describe the MRI findings in a case of a SFT involving the ischiorectal fossa of a 36-year-old man. The tumor appeared as homogeneous iso-signal intensity relative to the adjacent muscle on T1 weighted images, a mixed high signal intensity on the T2 weighted images, and heterogeneous enhancement following the administration of the contrast material.

Percutaneous Intervention in Axillary Loop-Configured Arteriovenous Grafts for Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fistulographic features of malfunctioning axillary loop-configured arteriovenous grafts and the efficacy of percutaneous interventions in failed axillary loop-configured arteriovenous grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with axillary loop-configured arteriovenous grafts were referred for evaluation of graft patency or upper arm swelling. Fistulography and percutaneous intervention, including thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement, were performed. Statistical analysis of the procedure success rate and the primary and secondary patency rates was done. RESULTS: Four patients had graft related and subclavian venous stenosis, two patients had graft related stenosis and another four patients had subclavian venous stenosis only. Sixteen sessions of interventional procedures were performed in eight patients (average: 2 sessions / patient) until the end of follow-up. An interventional procedure was not done in two patients with central venous stenosis. The overall procedure success rate was 69% (11 of 16 sessions). The post-intervention primary and secondary patency rates were 50% and 63% at three months, 38% and 63% at six months and 25% and 63% at one year, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dysfunctional axillary loop-configured arteriovenous grafts almost always had subclavian venous and graft-related stenosis. Interventional treatments are helpful to overcome this and these treatments are expected to play a major role in restoring and maintaining the axillary loop-configured arteriovenous loop grafts.

A case of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor invasion controlled by percutaneous ethanol injection therapy / 대한간학회지

Portal vein invasion is a grave prognostic indicator in the setting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is currently no effective method for preventing the invasion of HCC into the main portal vein. We report here a case of advanced HCC with portal vein tumor thrombosis that was effectively treated with percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), having previously enabled subsequent successive transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). A 60-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a huge HCC, based on computed tomography and angiographic findings. Despite two sessions of TACE, the tumor invaded the right portal vein. PEI was performed on the malignant portal vein thrombosis, and three sessions thereof reduced the extent of tumor thrombi in the portal vein. Successive TACEs were performed to treat the HCC in the hepatic parenchyma. The patient was still living 19 months after the first PEI with no evidence of tumor recurrence, and his liver function remained well preserved.

Usefulness of High-Frequency Compound Spatial Sonography in the Assessment of Hepatitis B Virus Related Chronic Liver Disease

PURPOSE: To evaluate the liver parenchyma according to the echo patterns of CSS (compound spatial sonography), and to correlate them with the extent of hepatic fibrosis and the serum aminotransferase level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CSS images were classified into the following three echo patterns: type I, a normallooking echo; type II, hyperechoic or hypoechoic nodules scattered in a normal-looking echo; type III, a severely heterogeneous echogenic or hypoechoic honeycomb-like echo. The CSS findings were correlated with the histopathology findings in 63 patients with HBV. The serum aminotransferase levels and the occurrence of acute exacerbation in 168 patients with HBV, with and without a progressed parenchymal echo pattern, and who were followed up more than 1-year period, were compared. The interobserver agreement between the two radiologists for assessing the parenchymal echo pattern was scored. RESULTS: The correlation between the CSS pattern and hepatic fibrosis was statistically significant (correlation coefficient = 0.58, p < 0.05). The baseline serum aminotransferase level was not significantly different between the patients with and without a progressed parenchymal echo pattern. However, the rate of acute exacerbation was higher in patients with a progressed parenchymal echo pattern (p < 0.05). The interobserver agreement was good (k statistic = 0.63, 0.78). CONCLUSION: The liver parenchymal pattern based on the 5-12 MHz CSS is a useful and objective tool for diagnosing and monitoring HBV related chronic liver disease.

Femoral Arterial Puncture: Comparison of Using the Inguinal Crease and Bony Landmarks

PURPOSE: We tried to compare the accuracy of using bony landmarks and inguinal crease landmarks for performing femoral artery puncture and to determine an ideal puncture site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied ninety consecutive patients who underwent femoral arterial puncture for performing angiogram. For the evaluation of bony landmarks, the pelvis and inguinal areas were divided into 8 zones according to 7 lines that were drawn parallel to the line drawn between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle. For evaluation of the inguinal crease as a landmark, the 8 zones above and 4 zones below the inguinal crease were determined. The zones were divided by 11 lines drawn parallel to the inguinal crease, and the interval between each line was 1cm. Locations of the inguinal ligament and femoral bifurcation were recorded for every patient according to the above zones, and an ideal zone for the femoral arterial puncture was decided upon. The ideal zone was considered if the locations of all of inguinal ligaments were above the zone and the least possibility to puncture was below the femoral bifurcation. RESULTS: On the bony landmark, the femoral bifurcations were located at zone 3 in 1 patient (1.1%), at zone 4 in 2 patients (2.2%), at zone 5 in 3 patients (3.3%), at zone 6 in 24 patients (26.7%), and at zone7 in 44 patients (48.9%). Inguinal ligaments were at zone 1 in 2 patients (3.0%), at zone 2 in 34 patients (50.7%), at zone 3 in 25 patients (37.3%), and at zone 4 in 6 patients (8.9%). When the inguinal creases were used as a landmark, the femoral bifurcations were located at zone 4 in 4 patients (4.4%), at zone 3 in 19 patients (21.1%), at zone 2 in 30 patients (33.3%), at zone 1 in 19 patients (21.1%), at zone -1 in 13 patients (14.4%), at zone -2 in 3 patients (3.3%) and at zone-4 in 2 patients (2.2%). Inguinal ligaments were at zone 8 in 7 patients (10.4%), at zone 7 in 11 patients (16.4%), at zone 6 in 19 patients (28.4%), at zone 5 in 20 patients (29.9%), at zone 4 in 7 patients (10.4%), and at zone 3 in 3 patients (4.5%). Therefore, the best zone for femoral arterial puncture was zone 5 with using bony landmarks and zone 2 with using inguinal crease landmarks. In terms of zone 5 on the bony landmark, every locations of inguinal ligaments was above it and 84 patients (93.4%) had their femoral bifurcation below it, excluding the 6 patients who had their femoral bifurcations at zones 3, 4, and 5. Therefore, zone 5 with using the bony landmarks was a good indicator for femoral arterial puncture. In case of zone 2 on the inguinal crease landmark, although every location of the inguinal ligament was above it, 53 patients (58.8%) had their femoral bifurcation above it at zones 4, 3, and 2. So, it was not a good indicator for femoral arterial puncture. CONCLUSION: Bony landmarks are more accurate indicators for performing femoral arterial puncture than the inguinal crease landmark. Zone 5 on the bony landmark is an ideal location for femoral arterial puncture.

Imaging Findings of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Involving Gastrointestinal Tract

Clinical manifestations and imaging findings of mantle cell lymphoma involving gastrointestinal tract were evaluated. The subjects were 7 cases of mantle cell lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract. All cases were pathologically confirmed in our hospital during the period from April 1994 to July 2000. Five patients were male and 2 were female, and their age ranged from 49 to 63 years (average 57.4). The objectives were: 1) characteristics and distribution of multiple polyposis, 2) presence, location and enhancement pattern of bowel wall thickening or mass formation, 3) presence of splenomegaly, 4) presence and location of abdominal lymph node enlargement, 5) involved extra-abdominal organs, 6) combined cancer and location, and 7) other findings. All mantle cell lymphomas occurred in elderly persons, over 40 years, and most showed multiple polyposis (6/7), bowel wall thickening or mass formation (6/7), lymph node enlargements (6/7) and extra- abdominal involvement (5/7). All cases of polyposis involved the small bowel and colon, and the size of the polyps ranged from 0.1-4.0cm. Four of 6 patients showed combined sessile and polypoid polyps, while the other 2 showed only sessile polyps. Most of or some of the polyps in 3 patients showed small central ulcerations. Most of the patients (5/6) showed an uncountable number of polyps. Polyposis was predominant in the rectum, ascending colon, rather than other sections in the colon, and the ileum were almost always involved by polyposis. Bowel wall thickening or mass formation developed exclusively in the ascending colon, rectum or ileum. Extra- abdominal involvement developed either simultaneously or nonconcurrently with gastrointestinal involvement. Some of patients showed splenomegaly (3/7), appendiceal enlargement (2/7), and intussusception (1/7), and some had associated adenocarcinomas (3/7).

Acute abdomial aortic obstruction mimcking spinal cord compression in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer / 대한내과학회지

No abstract available.

Spiral CT Findings of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Pathologic Features and Prognosis

PURPOSE: To describe the spiral CT findings of CRCC and to correlate these with the pathologic features, nuclear grading, tumor staging, and prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We encountered eleven cases of CRCC among 167 cases of histopathologically proven RCC, retrospectively evaluating the spiral CT findings of CRCC including tumor size, internal texture, attenuation, margin, and the involvement of veins or lymph nodes. In addition, the CT findings were correlated with the pathologic features, Fuhrman's nuclear grade, Robson's staging, and the prognosis. Between 27 and 80 (mean, 49.6) months later, the follow-up CT scans of tea patients were examined for tumor recurrence. RESULTS: All tumors, which ranged in size from 2.5 to 15 (mean, 7.7) cm, were solid and well demarcated from renal parenchyma. Pre-contrast CT scans showed that their attenuation was equal to (n=1) or slightly lower (n=10) than that of renal parenchyma, and on early and delayed phase post-contrast enhanced scans, attenuation was low in all cases. In three, focal areas in which attenuation was lower than in the rest of the tumor were observed; histopathologically, these represented hyalinization. There was neither venous nor lymph node involvement, and no distant metastasis. Histopathologic examination demonstrated cystic change (n=1), hemorrhage or necrosis (n=5), complete encapsulation (n=3) and perirenal fat infiltration (n=3). Nuclear grading was II (n=6) or III (n=5), and tumor staging was I (n=8) or II (n=3). Among the five cases in which the nuclear grade was III, three were stage I and two were stage II. Follow-up scans showed no evidence of tumor recurrence, and all patients survived. CONCLUSION: Pre-, early- and late-phase post-contrast enhonced spiral CT scans showed that the attenuation of a CRCC was lower than that of renal parenchyma. Even where the nuclear grade was higher, a well-demarcated soild mass was observed, the tumor stage was lower and the prognosis better.

Effect of Intracavitary Injection of Urokinase in the Experimentally Induced Early Pyogenic Liver Abscess of the Rabbit

This study was carried out to assess the effects of intracavitary injection of urokinase in the early liver abscess (ELA) of the rabbits. ELAs were induced on 25 in 47 New Zealand rabbits, which were divided into two groups, with 15 in group A, and 10 in group B. Urokinase was injected into the ELA of group A, and normal physiologic saline into those of group B. One and a half hours after the injections, the rabbits were sacrificed and evaluated by pathologists for the degree of fibrosis of the ELA wall, and fibrinolysis in the ELA itself. Statistical analyses were performed between the two groups. The following ELA sizes for each group were obtained: Group A, 4.3 X 2.9-10.1 X 7.2 mm (mean 7.1 X 4.1 mm); Group B, 4.6 X 2.7-15.0 X 9.7 mm (mean 8.5 X 4.57 mm). Eleven (73%) in group A showed grade II fibrosis of ELA wall, and 8 (80%) in group B showed grade III fibrosis of ELA wall (p=0.002). On pathological analysis, 5 (46%) in group A showed grade II fibrin, and 8 (80%) in group B showed grade III fibrin, of the ELA (p=0.09). In conclusion, injection of urokinase, into the ELAs, can reduce the degree of fibrosis of abscess walls.

Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Findings of Single-Level Dynamic CT During Hepatic Arteriography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hemodynamics of nodular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using single-level dynamic CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) according to the size of the nodule. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty 40 patients with nodular HCC confirmed histologically or radiologically underwent single-level dynamic CTHA. Contrast media was injected via the hepatic artery for 20 seconds at a rate of 1.2 ml/sec. Images were obtained prior to this and thereafter at 3-second intervals until 30 seconds after the start of injection, and additional images at 45 and 60 seconds. The CTHA findings were retrospectively reviewed, and cases were assigned to one of three groups, according to the size of the tumor [ 5 cm (group III, n =16)]. We focused on onset time of contrast enhancement (CE), peak CE time and density, and duration of plateau. The patterns of CE were classified as homogeneous, heterogeneous, peripheral, or "nodule in nodule ". RESULTS: The onset time of CE was 3 seconds and mean peak CE time was 18.8 seconds. A plateau was noted in all groups (mean duration, 6.8 seconds). Mean peak CE time and density were 16.5 seconds and 294.1 HU in group I, 18.5 seconds and 324.1 HU in group II, and 20.1 seconds and 114.0 HU in group III. The most frequent pattern of CE (83%) was homogeneous, and this was found in group I. The small HCC group (group I) showed a faster mean peak CE time than the large group (group III) (p < 0.05), and this latter showed a lower peak CE density than the other groups (p < 0.05). In groups II and III, "nodule in nodule "(72%) and heterogeneous patterns (69%) were, respectively, the most frequent findings. CONCLUSION: Single-level dynamic CTHA is useful in evaluating the hemodynamics of HCC.