Postnatal Development of Transforming-growth Factor-alpha and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-immunoreactive Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of the Rat / 대한해부학회지

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha ) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoreactivities were examined in the cerebral cortex of the rat during postnatal development. TGF-alpha -immunoreactive cells were found at birth in all cortical layers except the molecular layer. TGF-alpha -immunoreactive cells were most abundant in the parietal cortex at P20. The intensity and number of the TGF-alpha -immunoreactive cells increased at postnatal days 15 or 20 (P15 - P20). Mature patterns of TGF-alpha -immunoreactive cells were achieved at P20. EGFR -immunoreactive cells appeared only in dorsal endopiriform cortex at P0. The first EGFR -immunoreactive cells were observed in the neocortex at P3. These cells were most abundant in the parietal cortex at P90. In adult, the most prominent EGFR immunoreactivity occured in layer IV, V and VI. These cells were numerous in the frontal and parietal cortex, diminishing laterally towards the insular cortex. Adult patterns were reached on and after P10. The time of appearance and localization of EGFR immunoreactivity correlated with functional activity in the different cortical areas. No clear labelling of glial cells with TGF-alpha and EGFR antibodies was found. TGF -alpha and EGFR immunoreactivity was observed in the majority of neurons in the postnatal developing and adult cerebral cortex of the rat. Also double -immunohistochemistry with antibodies to TGF-alpha and EGFR showed co-localization of TGF -alpha and EGFR in neurons of the cerebral cortex. Co-localization of TGF-alpha and EGFR was first detectable in most cortices at P3. By P10, these neurons showed immature neuronal features. The present results showing TGF -alpha and EGFR immunoreactivity is widely distributed in the postnatal developing (except P0) and adult cerebral cortex, mainly localized in neurons. And TGF-alpha and EGFR co-localize in most neurons, thus indicating that most EGFR -containing cells are TGF-alpha -synthesizing cells. In addition to difference of time of appearance and mature neuronal pattern suggest that TGF-alpha has the capacity of activating the EGFR in the normal postnatal developing cerebral cortex, therefore, TGF-alpha and EGFR may interact within cortical neurons through many different mechanism according to postnatal age.

The Effect of the Radiation Therapy on Primary Bone Tumor / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The effect of radiation therapy, either alone or combined with surgery or chemotherapy is accepted well in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma, multiple myeloma, reticulum cell sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. But its effect on osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma is less clear. The authors reviewed 90 patients treated with radiation therapy, 62 cases with primary bone tumor and 28 cases with multiple myeloma, from 1969 to 1988. There were 20 Ewing's sarcoma, 12 osteosarcoma, 12 chondrosarcoma, 9 Histiocytosis-X and 3 reticulum cell sarcoma among 62 primary bone tumors. And 40 patients with more than three months follow-up were analyzed for the primary response of tumor three months after radiation therapy and the long term effect of the radiation therapy. When the radiation therapy was done alone, the primary response was poor in osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma. But with the multimodal therapy, the primary response was rslatively good in reticulum cell sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. In 15 patients, more than one year follow-up was done. The status of these patients at the last follow-up was poor in all cases trearted with radiation therapy alone than the multimodal therapy except Histiocytosis-X. In multiple myeloma, the effect of radiation therapy for the relief of pain was analyzed. There were complete relief of pain in 14.3%, partial relief in 71.4% and no relief in 10.7%.

Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Extremity Using the Free Vascularized / 대한정형외과학회잡지

In 1973, Daniel and Taylor reported the first successful microsurgical transplantation of the groin flap as a one-stage reconstrutive procedure. The free vascularized groin flap has several advantages, such as its potenitally large size, comfortable position of the patient during operation, minimal donor site morbidity, possible coverage of the donor site scar with a bikini, its multiple arterial and venous system, and the potential for incorporating bone with the overlying skin. The authors perfomed free groin flaps in 36 patients at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine from January 1985 to August 1988. The results were as follows : 1. Good results were obtained in 26 of 36 cases with a 72.2% success rate. The results were better in the upper extremity than the lower extremity. 2. The anatomical classification of the superficial circumflex iliac artery was as follows : a common origin of the superficial circumflex iliac artery and the superficial inferior epigastric artery in 39.5% of cases, an absent superficial inferior epigastric artery with a large compensatory superficial circumflex iliac artery in 36.8%, separate origins of the two vessels in 7.9%, and an origin from a profunda femoral artery in 15.8%. This result was similar to that of Daniel and Taylor. 3. The average diameter of the artery was 1.0mm and the average length of the vascular pedicle was 9.0mm. 4. The results were better in the end to side anastomosis than the end to end anastomosis, but there was no statistical significance. 5. In the 10 failed cases, free scapular flaps were performed in 4 cases, skin grafts in 5 cases, and the cross leg flap in one case. 6. The donor sites healed well by primary closure without functional disturbance except in one cases in which secondary closure was done. In conclusion, the free vascularized groin flap can be used without restriction as a onestage reconstruction of an extensive soft tissue injury of the extremity.