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Purpose@#We evaluated the normative range of visual field ratio according to distance in the near tangent screen test performed in adults. @*Methods@#Adults above 18 years of age were prospectively recruited and underwent the near tangent screen test between February and August 2020. We developed a near tangent screen testing device, which was used at 10 and 20 cm distances from the screen. The tangent ratios (TRs), defined as the ratio of the visual field at the further distance to that at the closer distance, were analyzed according to the eight meridians, and the normative value of the TR in adults was deduced. @*Results@#The experiment was performed for 80 eyes of 40 adults. Their average age was 30.9 ± 7.0 years (range, 21-48). The mean TRs were 0.95 ± 0.10 and 0.97 ± 0.10 for the right and left eyes, respectively, so the visual field in either eye did not differ significantly according to distance. The average TR value for the eight meridians was 0.96 ± 0.10 (range, 0.73-1.23), and the TR did not show any significant difference among the eight meridians. The far and near visual fields did not intersect or overlap in any meridian, showing a TR value larger than 0.5. @*Conclusions@#Under the near tangent screen test, the visual fields in normal adults did not differ according to the test distance.
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BACKGROUND: We sought to assess echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular (LV) adverse remodeling after successfully reperfused acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). LV remodeling is commonly found in STEMI patients and it may suggest adverse outcome in acute myocardial infarction. We sought to identify whether 2D strain and torsion be independent parameters for prediction of LV adverse remodeling. METHODS: We investigated 208 patients with low-risk STEMI patients who had follow up echocardiography at 6 or more months. After clinical assessments, all patients received revascularization according to current guideline. LV remodeling was defined as > 20% increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV) at follow up. RESULTS: During the follow-up (11.9 ± 5.3 months), 53 patients (25.5%) showed LV remodeling. In univariate analysis, EDV, end-systolic volume, deceleration time (DT), CK-MB, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were associated with LV remodeling. In multivariate analysis, EDV [hazard ratio (HR): 0.922, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.897-0.948, p< 0.001], GLS (HR: 0.842, 95% CI: 0.728-0.974, p = 0.020), DT (HR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.980-0.998, p = 0.023) and CK-MB (HR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.005, p = 0.033) independently predicted LV remodeling. However, global circumferential strain, net twist, and twist or untwist rate were not associated with remodeling. CONCLUSION: Of various parameters of speckle strain, only GLS predicted adverse remodeling in STEMI patients.