RESUMEN
Objective@#To analyze how Pilates exercises affect standing, walking, and balance in children with diplegic cerebral palsy throughout a 10-week program. @*Methods@#We included 40 children aged 7–9 years with diplegic cerebral palsy, and randomly allocated them into two groups of the same size: conventional therapy group (group A) and conventional therapy+Pilates group (group B). We administered the same conventional physical therapy program to both groups for 45 minutes, with group B receiving additional Pilates exercises for 45 minutes. Both groups attended the intervention program three times/week for 10 weeks. We used the Growth Motor Function Measure Scale (GMFM-88) to evaluate standing and walking (Dimensions D and E), and the Pediatric Balance Scale to evaluate balance function before and after treatment. @*Results@#Comparison of the average values of all measured variables before and after therapy showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups. All measured variables showed a significant difference between groups A and B, in favor of group B (p<0.05). @*Conclusion@#Pilates exercise in addition to conventional therapy is more effective in improving balance and gross motor function in children with diplegic cerebral palsy than the conventional therapy alone.
RESUMEN
Objective: The Primary objective of the present investigation was to stabilize ascorbic acid by blocking its irreversible conversion to biologically inactive form. Further aim of the project was to disperse stabilized ascorbic acid in internal aqueous phase of multiple emulsions and deliver it in a suitable base for topical application and enhanced transdermal permeation
Materials and Methods: The o/w/o emulsions were formulated by a two-step emulsification procedure, with different types and ratios of surfactant and oil using sodium oxalate as a stabilizer. Physical and chemical stability of the optimized formulation was evaluated at 8[degree sign]C, 25[degree sign]C, 40[degree sign]C and 40[degree sign]C /75% relative humidity. Physical stability of the formulation was determined by organoleptic characteristics, globule size, viscosity, pH and conductivity. Ascorbic acid release profile was measured with Franz diffusion cell using sigma membrane
Results: There was no change in color or liquefaction was observed in primary or multiple emulsion stored at 8[degree sign]C, 25[degree sign]C, 40[degree sign]C and 40[degree sign]C/75% relative humidity for a period of 6 months. Physical stability studies revealed change in globule size, phase separation and increase in pH for all primary and multiple emulsions kept at 40[degree sign]C and 40[degree sign]C/75% relative humidity. But there was only marginal change in pH and conductivity, globule size, and rheological parameters for multiple emulsions stored at 25[degree sign]C. In vitro release study showed that multiple emulsions followed a zero order release rate with an average flux value of 0.125 micro g/cm[2] /min
Conclusion: Based on the data, it was proved that multiple emulsion using sodium oxalate as a stabilizer remarkably improved the stability of ascorbic acid in aqueous solutions. The data given in this research led us to conclude that stabilized multiple w/o/w emulsion could be employed as a potential prolonged release vehicle for topical application of ascorbic acid
RESUMEN
To predict the self-life of the lyophilized BCG during accelerated stability study. Bacillus Calmette and Guerin [BCG] has been commonly known as an anti tuberculosis vaccine since its first introduction in Paris by Calmette and Guerin. Later it was discovered as an important immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Only two internationally freeze dried BCG products are approved for bladder cancer treatment worldwide due to several restrictions in WHO guidelines. Other manufactures can only distribute their BCG products in their local markets. BCG was suspended into three stabilizer systems containing 15% w/v trehalose, trehalose-gelatin mixture [in ratio, 30:1 w/w] or lactose. The prepared formulae were lyophilized and the lyophilized formulae were stored at 5 degree C, 60% RH for the accelerated study. Scheduled pulling out of samples to test their viabilities was performed according to a stability plan. Shelf-life of each formula was estimated using Q10 method. Lactose as a stabilizer was found to be superior over trehalose or trehalosegelatin mixture. Shelf life estimates using Q10 method were about 330 days with Trehalose, 176 days with Trehalose-gelatin and more than two years with lactose compared with 100 days for liquid BCG-T. Lactose was unique in extending the shelf approximately double the period that was attainable with Trehalose. Meanwhile, Trehalose-gelatin mixture appeared to be the lowest in BCG protection