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Background: This study examines the impact of lifestyle factors, particularly sleep patterns and stress, on skin health and aging in the Indian population. The findings provide valuable information for health professionals, policy makers and individuals to develop targeted interventions and recommendations to promote healthy skin and combat premature aging. Methods: The study utilized SPSS Software (by IBM) for descriptive and inferential statistical tests, calculating frequencies and percentages of categorical variables. Descriptive statistics summarized participants' characteristics, while the chi-square test was used to investigate associations between socio demographic factors and acne. The total of 510 participants was included in the analysis. Results: To investigate categorical factors associated with skin finding (acne), Chi-square test was used to find the association and where the expected count in cells was less than 5, Fisher Exact test was applied. Statistical significance determined at p<0.05. There was a total of 510 individuals but 7 did not consent to participate so 503 individuals were included in analysis. Conclusions: The use of smartphones has had a big impact on sleep patterns, which are crucial for preserving physiological balance. Sleep disturbances can cause dryness and irritation of skin. A diet high in fruits and vegetables like tomatoes, red grapes are directly linked to promoting skin health. Blue light exposure from smartphones and other electronics can cause hyperpigmentation, premature wrinkles, tanning, and other skin problems. Nomophobia is a phenomenon that we see in this age of reliance on technology, especially cell phones.
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Background: The current study sought to assess restoration of carbohydrate metabolism in known type 2 diabetes patients to achieve good glycemic control without dependency on oral antihyperglycemic agents by implementing the comprehensive diabetes control (CDC) program. Methods: A retrospective, single-centre observational study was conducted from April 2021 to April 2022. Patients who were known cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 18 years and above who underwent at least 6 sessions of the CDC program were included in this study. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study. Follow-up was conducted after 90 days. Baseline data was compared with follow-up data. Results: A total of 69 patients were assessed in this study. Of the patients, testing was performed on 95.8% patients, of which. 92.8% patients were found to have negative glucose tolerance and 7.3% were found to have impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions: The CDC program can be useful to restore euglycemia in know type 2 diabetic patients by reducing insulin resistance caused by central obesity.
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Sleep disturbances are common in pregnancy. Insomnia is a frequent sleep disturbance experienced by pregnant women which can be primary or due to co-morbid conditions
The differential diagnosis of insomnia in pregnancy includes anxiety disorders, mood disorders, breathing related sleep disorders and restless legs syndrome. Early interventions to treat the sleep disturbance are recommended to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes. Management strategies include improving sleep hygiene, behavioral therapies, and pharmacotherapy. The risks of pharmacotherapy must be weighed against their benefits due to the possible risk of teratogenicity associated with some medications
Methods: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar employing a combination of key words: pregnancy, sleep disturbances, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Sleep disorders and insomnia
We included original studies, review articles, meta-analysis and systematic reviews in our search prioritizing articles from the last 10-15 years. Articles older than 15 years were only included if their findings had not been superseded by more recent data. Further selection of articles was done from bibliographies and references of selected articles
Conclusion: Sleep disturbances in pregnancy are common and cause considerable morbidity. Management includes a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments carefully weighing the risks and benefits of each for the expectant mother and fetus
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Objective: To develop a standardized validated version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D] in Urdu
Methods: After translation of the HAM-D into the Urdu language following standard guidelines, the final Urdu version [HAM-D-U] was administered to 160 depressed outpatients. Inter-item correlation was assessed by calculating Cronbach alpha. Correlation between HAM-D-U scores at baseline and after a 2-week interval was evaluated for test-retest reliability. Moreover, scores of two clinicians on HAM-D-U were compared for inter-rater reliability. For establishing concurrent validity, scores of HAM-D-U and BDI-U were compared by using Spearman correlation coefficient. The study was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from May to December 2014
Results: The Cronbach alpha for HAM-D-U was 0.71. Composite scores for HAM-D-U at baseline and after a 2-week interval were also highly correlated with each other [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.83, p-value < 0.01] indicating good test-retest reliability. Composite scores for HAM-D-U and BDI-U were positively correlated with each other [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.85, p < 0.01] indicating good concurrent validity. Scores of two clinicians for HAM-D-U were also positively correlated [Spearman correlation coefficient 0.82, p-value < 0.01] indicated good inter-rater reliability
Conclusion: The HAM-D-U is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of Depression. It shows good inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The HAM-D-U can be a tool either for clinical management or research
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Background: The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major concern for the health providers. We have done an observation study in the diagnosed IGT patient who received α-glucosidase inhibitor (voglibose), which could prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals. Methods: This study was an observational study comprising of voglibose and placebo in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.66 eligible patients were on the standard diet and taking regular exercise with impaired glucose tolerance were randomly assigned to oral voglibose 0.2 mg three times a day (n=66) or placebo (n=60) in this study. Treatment was continued until participants developed type 2 diabetes (primary endpoint) or normoglycaemia (secondary endpoint). In the final analysis, 66 registered individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 36 were randomly assigned to receive voglibose and 30 placebos (two participants in the placebo group did not take their medication and were excluded). Results: The mean duration of treatment was 48.3 weeks (SD: 36.4), i.e., 45.4 weeks (34.7) for voglibose and 51.7 weeks (37.4) for placebo. Voglibose was better than placebo (p= 0.0024) in individuals treated for an average of 48.3 weeks (SD 36.4). Patients treated with voglibose had a lower risk of progression to type 2 diabetes than did those on placebo. More people in the voglibose group achieved normoglycaemia than did those in the placebo group. Conclusion: Voglibose, in addition to lifestyle modification, can reduce the development of type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.
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Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] frequently complain of sleep disturbances such as insomnia and nightmares. Evaluation of sleep disturbances is often difficult due to the subjective nature of the complaints. Polysomnography [PSG] and other sleep studies are generally not indicated in the evaluation of insomnia or nightmares associated with PTSD. Actigraphy, [electronic activity monitoring] has been used in research to evaluate sleep disturbances in patients with PTSD. We reviewed the literature on the use of actigraphy in evaluation of sleep problems in patients with PTSD. A literature search for articles on the topic was conducted on PubMed using the search algorithm [actigraphy [Title/Abstract] OR actigraphic [Title/Abstract]] AND PTSD [Title/Abstract]. Out of 11 search results, 9 studies in which application of actigraphy had relevance to the primary objective and outcome in PTSD patients with sleep problems were selected for review. We also handpicked one additional article from personal communication with our colleagues who have done some of these studies. Actigraphy has been used to evaluate circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Use of actigraphy in psychiatry clinics is uncommon. There is no data to support that there are specific actigraphic sleep related findings in PTSD patients. However, it can be a useful tool to complement the use of sleep diaries when assessing sleep and wake patterns in patients with PTSD
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To assess whether awakenings from sleep and sleep duration in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] were related to demography, posttraumatic or depressive symptoms, subjective sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Sample consisted of 23 veterans with lifetime PTSD and current sleep disturbance not due to apnea or other diagnosable conditions. Data collection included demography, two weeks of actigraphy, Beck Depression Inventory, Posttraumatic Checklist, Clinical Assessment of Posttraumatic Symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The study revealed that awakenings increased with younger age. Variability in awakenings also increased with younger age [p = 0.002]. More awakenings were associated with shorter sleep duration. These paradoxical observations regarding younger age and more awakening may be related to increased sleep symptoms early in the course and then gradual waning of posttraumatic symptoms over time, since awakenings tend to increase with age in normals [rather than decrease, as we observed]