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Objective: The aim of this work was to characterize the antioxidant properties and to evaluate the total phenol content of leaves, bark, pericarp, and pulp extracts of Lebanese Annona squamosa Linn. (A. squamosa),, as well as a total screening of secondary metabolites present in the various plant parts studied. Methods: Two solvent systems were used for extraction: ethanol 80 % and methanol 80 %. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The Total Phenol Content (TPC) of the different plant parts are determined and compared via Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results were presented as the mean of three separate experiments and error bars were used to illustrate standard deviation. Results: The phenolic content was found to be highest in the A. squamosa leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts (117.2 mg and 112.92 gallic acid extract/g, respectively). The results showed that A. squamosa leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts display the highest antioxidant activities than the bark, pulp and pericarp extracts, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values 13.61 and 15.97 μg. ml-1 respectively. Ethanol 80 % and methanol 80 % were found to be efficient for the extraction of phenolic compounds. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate the presence of promising compounds in Lebanese A. squamosa that are able to act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.
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To compare sedation outcomes for chloral hydrate [CH] and midazolam [MD] as sedative agents for diagnostic procedures in children. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study conducted between July 2005 and October 2006, at the Pediatric Day Care Unit [DCU], King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After meeting the inclusion criteria and getting informed consent, patients were randomized, given the study drug, and monitored for sedation outcomes. Two hundred and seventy-five patients who had 292 sedation sessions for diagnostic procedures were included in the study. Due to missing data, 286 sedations were included in the final analysis; 144 in the CH and 142 in the MD group. Both groups were comparable with respect to demographic and baseline characteristics. The CH compared to MD group, had a higher sedation success rate, shorter time to achieve sedation, shorter length of stay in DCU, and longer sedation duration. In both study groups, patients who required a second dose tended to be older and heavier. No major side effects were encountered. The CH group had a significantly higher mean sedation scores at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Chloral hydrate compared to MD, had a shorter time to achieve sedation, a higher success rate, less need for a second dose, and decreased the time spent in the DCU. Older and heavier patients are more likely to require a second dose of the study drug to be sedated
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We present a case of migrating copper-T intrauterine contraceptive device [IUCD] into the bowel wall at the recto-sigmoid junction, and the colonoscopic retrieval of the device. This case introduces the possibility of safe rectal retrieval of migrating IUCD implanted into the bowel wall