Anxiety Symptoms and Associated Psychological and Job-Related Factors Among Hospital Nurses

Objective@#Recently, burnout and mental health issues regarding nurses are reported increasingly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among hospital nurses and determine their association with psychological and job-related factors. @*Methods@#Data on demographics, job-related characteristics, burnout, Type A behavior patterns, self-esteem, and happiness were collected from 515 nurses working at a university hospital in Korea. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, with scores of 8 or higher indicating the presence of anxiety symptoms. Demographic, job-related, and psychological factors were compared according to the presence of anxiety. Logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with anxiety symptoms. @*Results@#Two hundred and four (39.6%) participants had anxiety symptoms. Self-esteem and happiness were associated with a lower risk of anxiety symptoms, whereas burnout was associated with a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, being female, having a career of less than five years, and requiring counseling due to stress were associated with a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Being younger, female, or a basic nurse; having a career of less than five years; partaking in shift work; experiencing job dissatisfaction; requiring counseling due to stress; being exposed to higher levels of burnout; and having lower levels of self-esteem and happiness were all found to be significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms. @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that promoting self-esteem and happiness while reducing burnout may be beneficial in preventing and managing anxiety symptoms among hospital nurses.

Effects of Online Mindful Somatic Psychoeducation Program on Mental Health During the COVID-19

Objective@#This study aims to determine the effects of online mindful somatic psychoeducation program (o-MSP) on mental health in female university students during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). @*Methods@#Thirty-eight female university students were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG, n=19) or a control group (CG, n=19). IG received o-MSP for 2-hours per session, twice weekly for 4-weeks; CG maintained their usual daily routine for 4-weeks. Measurements were performed pre- and post-intervention to assess stress, anxiety, and social connectedness using Perceived Stress Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Social Connectedness Scale. A qualitative analysis of changes in soma and social connectedness, subjectification of the soma, and mind–body integration was conducted through online interviews. @*Results@#Regarding stress and social connectedness, there were no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). However, significant differences were observed in the main effect of time of measurement and time×group interaction, with IG showing significant improvement post-intervention, unlike CG (p<0.05). Regarding anxiety, there were significant differences in the main effect of time of measurement, time×group interaction, and group factor (p<0.05). Post-intervention, CG did not show a significant change, while IG showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). Qualitative analysis revealed that participants experienced “changes in soma and social connectedness,” “subjectification of soma–body,” and “embodiment of mind–body integration,” and reported improved mental health. @*Conclusion@#The o-MSP effectively reduced stress and anxiety in female university students and improved social connectedness. This suggests that o-MSP can be used to manage the mental health of university students in various settings.

Successful Early Lamotrigine and Aripiprazole Augmentation of Clomipramine in Severe Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Lamotrigine and aripiprazole have shown efficacy as augmentation agents of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, the efficacy of lamotrigine/aripiprazole augmentation has not been reported in OCD treatment. Herein, we report the case of a 37-year-old male with severe OCD and comorbid depression whose symptoms markedly improved after low-dose lamotrigine/aripiprazole augmentation to clomipramine.Our report suggests that early glutamatergic/antipsychotic augmentation contributes to rapid remission of OCD symptoms.

Psychosocial Factors Influencing Quality of Life Among Medical Students

Objective@#This study investigated the influence of psychosocial factors on medical students’ quality of life (QOL). @*Methods@#A total of 408 medical students participated in this study. We collected data on participants’ sociodemographic details, symptoms of depression and Internet addiction, self-esteem, social support, and QOL. QOL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Abbreviated form, which has four domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment). A stepwise multiple linear regression model was constructed to identify factors’ independent impact on QOL. @*Results@#Higher levels of depression and Internet addiction were associated with lower scores in all domains of QOL, whereas higher levels of self-esteem and social support were associated with higher scores. Being in third-year versus first-year was associated with higher scores in the physical health and environment domains. Living alone or in dormitories, low or middle socioeconomic status, and insufficient or moderate pocket money were associated with lower scores in the environment domain. Additionally, female students displayed significantly lower scores for physical health, psychological health, and environment than male students, but not for social relationships. There were significant differences in certain domains of QOL due to sociodemographic factors. @*Conclusion@#This study demonstrates the psychosocial factors influencing medical students’ QOL. Educational strategies focusing on strengthening self-esteem and social support as well as preventing depression and Internet addiction may contribute to improving medical students’ QOL.

Design and Methods of a Prospective Smartphone App-Based Study for Digital Phenotyping of Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Mixed With Centralized and Decentralized Research Form: The Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., 心) Project

In this study, the Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., 心) project aimed to collect prospective digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms across psychiatric disorders through a smartphone application (app) platform while using both centralized and decentralized research designs: the centralized research design is a hybrid of a general prospective observational study and a digital platform-based study, and it includes face-to-face research such as informed written consent, clinical evaluation, and blood sampling. It also includes digital phenotypic assessment through an application-based platform using wearable devices. Meanwhile, the decentralized research design is a non-face-to-face study in which anonymous participants agree to electronic informed consent forms on the app. It also exclusively uses an application-based platform to acquire individualized digital phenotypic data. We expect to collect clinical, biological, and digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms, and we propose a possible model of centralized and decentralized research design.

Existential Issues and Psychosocial Interventions in Palliative Care / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

The finite nature of human existence leads many to search for meaning, which comes into sharper relief for those who are imminently facing death. Therefore, universal existential concerns such as the inevitability of death, existential isolation, loss of meaning, freedom, and dignity are inherent psychological issues in palliative care. Consequently, one of the critical challenges facing palliative care is how to address these issues effectively. This paper provides an overview of common themes of existential concerns and psychotherapeutic interventions to address existential distress among patients in palliative care.

A Study on the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Function in Community Elderly / 수면정신생리

Objectives@#Sleep disturbance in the elderly is associated with cognitive decline. Sleep quality is known to deteriorate with age, and prospective studies seldom have examined the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive function. This study investigates the relationship between early sleep quality and cognitive function based on six-year follow-up data of community individuals older than 60 years. @*Methods@#The participants included 622 community elderly people older than 60 years from Jinju-Si. The final analysis comprised 322 elderly people. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and the Korean version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD-K) were used to assess early sleep quality and cognitive function after six years. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between early sleep quality and cognitive function in the elderly. @*Results@#Early sleep quality (PSQI) was significantly associated with the results of the digit span test, clock drawing test (clox 1), and word recall test after six years. Sleep quality (PSQI) decreased significantly after six years, and lower quality of sleep (PSQI) score was associated with higher digit span test score (β = -0.167, p = 0.026) and higher clock drawing test score (β = -0.157, p = 0.031). Lower quality of sleep (PSQI) score was associated with higher word recall test (β = -0.140, p = 0.039). @*Conclusion@#The digit span test, word recall test, and clock drawing task (CLOX 1) shown to be significantly associated to sleep quality can be performed fast and easily in clinical practice. It is important to assess early cognitive function in the elderly with poor sleep quality, and further studies could suggest that these tests may be useful screening tests for early dementia in elderly with poor sleep quality.

Existential Issues and Psychosocial Interventions in Palliative Care / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

The finite nature of human existence leads many to search for meaning, which comes into sharper relief for those who are imminently facing death. Therefore, universal existential concerns such as the inevitability of death, existential isolation, loss of meaning, freedom, and dignity are inherent psychological issues in palliative care. Consequently, one of the critical challenges facing palliative care is how to address these issues effectively. This paper provides an overview of common themes of existential concerns and psychotherapeutic interventions to address existential distress among patients in palliative care.

Emotional Labor and Mental Health / 신경정신의학

Emotional labor is a new form of work in today’s world economies as the service industry plays a crucial role. On the other hand, emotional labor can frequently lead to negative mental health problems, such as depression. This literature review examined the association between emotional labor and mental health from a psychiatric perspective. The definitions of emotional labor differ according to the times or socio-cultural contexts. Korean emotional laborers are in a vulnerable position in their relationships with clients and employers. In preventing and managing emotional labor-related mental health problems, the role of psychiatrist is very important. With the understanding of the current situation of Korean emotional laborers, psychiatrists should develop effective interventions on personal and organizational levels and play a key role in this field.

Effects of Meaning-Centered and Mindfulness-Based Stress Management Program with Using Marine Resources on the Improvement of Emotion, Sleep Quality, Quality of Life and Cognitive Function in Family Caregiver of Patients with Severe Physical Disability : Preliminary Study / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of meaning centered and mindfulnessbased stress management program with using marine resources on positive changes in mood, sleep, quality of life and cognitive function.@*METHODS@#Nine family caregivers of patients with severe disability experienced meaning centered and mindfulness-based stress management program for four-days in marine areas near Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea. Subjective questionnaires and objective assessments were conducted and statistically analyzed to examine changes in mood, sleep, quality of life, and cognitive function before, after, and after 6 weeks of participation.@*RESULTS@#After participating in the program, moods including depression improved significantly. This effect lasted until 6 weeks. Participants' sleep quality, quality of life and cognitive function improved significantly after 6 weeks of program participation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This new specialized stress management program using marine resources for family caregivers of patients with severe disability is expected to be used effectively in terms of improving their overall quality of life, mental health status and cognitive efficiency.

The Development of Evidence-Based Guideline for Diagnosis and Management of Headache in Korea

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop the clinical guideline for headache by the systematic review and synthesis of existing evidence-based guidelines. The purpose of developing the guideline was to improve the appropriateness of diagnosis and treatment of headache disorder, and consequently, to improve patients’ pain control and quality of life. The guideline broadly covers the differential diagnosis and treatment of tension-type headache, migraine, cluster headache, and medication-overuse headache. METHODS: This is a methodological study based on the ADAPTE methodology, including a systematic review of the literature, quality assessment of the guidelines using the Appraisal of Clinical Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation II (AGREE II) Instrument, as well as an external review using a Delphi technique. The inclusion criteria for systematic search were as follows: topic-relevant, up-to-date guidelines including evidence from within 5 years, evidence-based guidelines, guidelines written in English or Korean, and guidelines issued by academic institutions or government agencies. RESULTS: We selected five guidelines and conducted their quality assessment using the AGREE II Instrument. As a result, one guideline was found to be eligible for adaptation. For 13 key questions, a total of 39 recommendations were proposed with the grading system and revised using the nominal group technique. CONCLUSION: Recommendations should be applied to actual clinical sites to achieve the ultimate goal of this guideline; therefore, follow-up activities, such as monitoring of guideline usage and assessment of applicability of the recommendations, should be performed in the future. Further assessment of the effectiveness of the guideline in Korea is needed.

Korean guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder

The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders developed a Korean guideline for the treatment of panic disorders in 2018 to help clinicians make treatment decisions. This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for initial and maintenance treatment, non-responsive cases, comorbid conditions, and psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder. The executive committee developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines, algorithms, and clinical trials previously published in foreign countries and Korea. Seventy-two 61% of 112 experts on a committee reviewing panic disorders responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into 3 categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. This study presents useful information about the consensus among Korean experts regarding pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy for patients with panic disorder.

A Study on Self-reliance and Residential Service Needs of Patients with Chronic Mental Illness / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: Residential services are provided to help patients with chronic mental illness, but those have some problems because of provider focused services and uniformized training. So the purpose of the study was to explore residential needs of patients with the chronic mental illness such as chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: A survey was conducted on 139 mental illness patients using mental health facilities at Ansan city area in South Korea. We investigated their demographic and social characteristics, the degree of self-reliance and residential service needs. RESULTS: More than half of them had the desire for self-reliance, and they needed job support mostly. They were positive about the use of residential facilities and needed daily living skill and social skill training. Also they preferred day rehabilitation in type of facility. And they wanted to operate in a way that they returned home at the weekend after group home. CONCLUSIONS: For facilitating the recovery of patients with chronic mental illness, it would be necessary to provide individualized residential rehabilitation services and to improve existing residential facilities and programs reflected on the patients' needs.

Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Mind-Body Intervention Program using Marine Resources on the Improvement of Sleep Quality and Mood Symptoms in Korean Female Emotional Labor Workers : A Pilot Study / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a mindfulness-based Body-Mind Intervention Program using marine resources on the improvement of quality of sleep, mood symptoms, and cognitive function in Korean female emotional labor workers. METHODS: Twelve female workers who experienced excess emotional labor participated at the training camp program for five days in Danghangpo-ocean park, Goseung-gun, Gyeongnam Province in South Korea. Participant sleep quality, mood symptoms, and cognitive functioning before, after, and 1.5 months later were evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS: After participating in the marine resource program, participants reported significantly decreased sleep latency. Global sleep quality, cognitive functions (attention, flexibility, and inhibition control), and mood states, including depression, tension, anger, fatigue, were also improved. These effects were generally maintained after 1. 5 months (PSQI t = 2.63, p = 0.02 ; HAM-D t = 5.92, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A Body-Mind Intervention Program using marine resources was effective in relaxing emotion-related tension and improving cognitive function. To advance this pilot study, it is necessary to carry out further research to investigate the use of marine resources in mental health interventions.

Korean Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder: Initial Treatment Strategies

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to provide clinical consensus and evidence regarding initial treatment strategies for the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in Korea. METHODS: We prepared a questionnaire to derive a consensus from clinicians regarding their preference for the pharmacological treatment of SAD in Korea. Data regarding medication regimens and psychotropic drugs used during initial treatment, the doses used, and the pharmacological treatment duration were obtained. Responses were obtained from 66 SAD experts, and their opinions were classified into three categories (first-line, second-line, third-line) using a chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Clinicians agreed upon first-line regimens for SAD involving monotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine, or combined therapy using antidepressants with betablockers or benzodiazepines on a standing or as-needed basis. First-line psychotropic drug choices for initial treatment included the following: escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and propranolol. The medication dosage used by domestic clinicians was found to be comparable with foreign guidelines. Domestic clinicians tended to make treatment decisions in a shorter amount of time and preferred a similar duration of maintenance treatment for SAD when compared with foreign clinicians. CONCLUSION: This study may provide significant information for developing SAD pharmacotherapy guidelines in Korea, especially in the early stage of treatment.

Korean guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder

The Korean Association of Anxiety Disorders developed a Korean guideline for the treatment of panic disorders in 2018 to help clinicians make treatment decisions. This study investigated the consensus about treatment strategies for initial and maintenance treatment, non-responsive cases, comorbid conditions, and psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder. The executive committee developed questionnaires about treatment strategies for patients with panic disorder based on guidelines, algorithms, and clinical trials previously published in foreign countries and Korea. Seventy-two 61% of 112 experts on a committee reviewing panic disorders responded to the questionnaires. We classified the consensus of expert opinions into 3 categories (first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment strategies) and identified the treatment of choice according using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. This study presents useful information about the consensus among Korean experts regarding pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy for patients with panic disorder.

The Usefulness of the Korean Version of Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Screening Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Excessive worry about minor matters and a state in which this worry is experienced as uncontrollable are known to be key symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Given the importance of pathological worry in GAD, the need for psychometrically sound measures of this construct has increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the Korean version of Penn State Worry Questionnaire (K-PSWQ) for screening GAD. METHODS: Two hundred and forty six patients were initially screened, from which 102 GAD patients and 118 patients with anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (anxiety disorder NOS) were finally enrolled. Patients were diagnosed by a structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV Axis I. We also enrolled 114 control subjects who had no medical or psychiatric history. Pathological worry in both patients and control subjects were assessed at baseline using the PSWQ and we estimated optimal cutoff score by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: We found that in the first ROC analysis, a score of 53 could simultaneously optimize sensitivity and specificity in order to discriminate GAD patients from control subjects. From the second receiver operating characteristic analysis, when both sensitivity and specificity were optimized, we can suggest a score of 61 as being the cutoff for differentiating GAD patients from patients with anxiety disorder NOS. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of PSWQ is a useful method for screening GAD patients, although ethnic and cultural differences may affect the cutoff score of PSWQ for GAD.

Development of New Residency Training Programs for Psychiatry in Korea / 신경정신의학

As the government has a plan to terminate medical internships and to start the New Resident program, postgraduate medical students should encounter the new residency training program without the internship from 2015. To keep pace with this significant change, the Korean Neuropsychiatry association launched the task force team to manage this problem. The task force team has examined the psychiatry residency training programs from major countries, including England, Japan, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, and the Unites States. In addition, we conducted a survey for teaching psychiatrists and psychiatry residents who just finished the Psychiatry Board Examination in 2013 using a premade questionnaire on the expected problems that might occur if the internship program were abolished, and some significant issues regarding resident rotation schedule to other departments. In this paper, we summarized the results of our examination and survey. Establishment of a new residency training program based on these surveys would be desirable.

Temperament Affects Sympathetic Nervous Function in a Normal Population

OBJECTIVE: Although specific temperaments have been known to be related to autonomic nervous function in some psychiatric disorders, there are few studies that have examined the relationship between temperaments and autonomic nervous function in a normal population. In this study, we examined the effect of temperament on the sympathetic nervous function in a normal population. METHODS: Sixty eight healthy subjects participated in the present study. Temperament was assessed using the Korean version of the Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Autonomic nervous function was determined by measuring skin temperature in a resting state, which was recorded for 5 minutes from the palmar surface of the left 5th digit using a thermistor secured with a Velcro(R) band. Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between temperament and skin temperature. RESULTS: A higher harm avoidance score was correlated with a lower skin temperature (i.e. an increased sympathetic tone; r=-0.343, p=0.004) whereas a higher persistence score was correlated with a higher skin temperature (r=0.433, p=0.001). Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that harm avoidance was able to predict the variance of skin temperature independently, with a variance of 7.1% after controlling for sex, blood pressure and state anxiety and persistence was the factor predicting the variance of skin temperature with a variance of 5.0%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high harm avoidance is related to an increased sympathetic nervous function whereas high persistence is related to decreased sympathetic nervous function in a normal population.

Long-term Escitalopram Treatment in Korean Patients with Panic Disorder: A Prospective, Naturalistic, Open-label, Multicenter Trial

OBJECTIVE: Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, persistent concerns about additional attacks, and worry about the implications of the attack or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. We examined the efficacy of 24-week naturalistic, open-label escitalopram treatment in terms of the response and remission rates and functional disability in 119 adult Korean patients with panic disorder from 6 clinical centers in South Korea. METHODS: Clinical severity and functional impairment were assessed at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the treatment using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Sheehan Disability Scale. Ninety-six patients (80.7%) showed a treatment response, and 87 patients (73.1%) had attained remission after 24 weeks of escitalopram treatment. RESULTS: Continuous improvement in the Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Sheehan Disability Scale scores was found over the 24 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that escitalopram treatment is very effective for panic disorder in terms of both response and remission rates and that long-term pharmacotherapy with escitalopram continuously improved panic symptoms and functional disability in Korean patients with panic disorder.