Effects of the new diagnosis-related group-based payment system and the increased incentive policy rates on the utilization rate of diagnostic laboratory test in Korea

A new diagnosis-related group (DRG) based payment system has been implemented in most public hospitals in Korea. We investigated the effects of the new DRG system and its incentive policy on the utilization rate of diagnostic laboratory tests. Three groups were categorized; 36 hospitals under the new DRG system (participant group), 72 hospitals (control-1) matching with 36 participants according to the number of beds, and 42 tertiary hospitals (control-2). The patients of acute myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gonarthrosis receiving total arthroplasty were included. We analyzed the mean length of stay and the number of diagnostic laboratory tests conducted during hospitalization of the three groups according to the new DRG system and the incentive policy rates under the new DRG system. Before participating in the new DRG system, the number of diagnostic laboratory tests in the participant group was less than that in the two control groups for all four diseases. However, although the participant group’s length of stay decreased under the new DRG system, the number of diagnostic laboratory tests increased as the maximum incentive policy rate increased. The increment of the number of diagnostic laboratory tests was prominent in the period of a maximum of 35% incentive policy rates. Finally, the number of diagnostic laboratory tests of the participant group was similar to or exceeded that of the control-2 group. The new DRG system’s incentive policy rates played a driving force on the increased utilization rate of the diagnostic laboratory test. For preparing in advance for the change in incentive policy rates, monitoring and guidelines for the utilization of diagnostic laboratory tests are necessary.

Relationships between ¹⁸F-THK5351 Retention and Language Functions in Primary Progressive Aphasia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are three distinct subtypes of primary progressive aphasia (PPA): the nonfluent/agrammatic variant (nfvPPA), the semantic variant (svPPA), and the logopenic variant (lvPPA). We sought to characterize the pattern of [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention across all three subtypes and determine the topography of [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention correlated with each neurolinguistic score. METHODS: We enrolled 50 participants, comprising 13 PPA patients (3 nfvPPA, 5 svPPA, and 5 lvPPA) and 37 subjects with normal cognition (NC) who underwent 3.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging, [¹⁸F]-THK5351 positron-emission tomography scans, and detailed neuropsychological tests. The PPA patients additionally participated in extensive neurolinguistic tests. Voxel-wise and region-of-interest-based analyses were performed to analyze [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention. RESULTS: The nfvPPA patients exhibited higher [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention in the the left inferior frontal and precentral gyri. In svPPA patients, [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention was elevated in the anteroinferior and lateral temporal cortices compared to the NC group (left>right). The lvPPA patients exhibited predominant [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention in the inferior parietal, lateral temporal, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, and the precuneus (left>right). [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention in the left inferior frontal area was associated with lower fluency scores. Comprehension was correlated with [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention in the left temporal cortices. Repetition was associated with [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention in the left inferior parietal and posterior temporal areas, while naming difficulty was correlated with retention in the left fusiform and temporal cortices. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of [¹⁸F]-THK5351 retention was well matched with clinical and radiological findings for each PPA subtype, in agreement with the anatomical and functional location of each language domain.

A Case of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosed by ¹⁸F Flutemetamol PET Image

No abstract available.

¹⁸F-THK5351 PET Imaging in Nonfluent-Agrammatic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To analyze 18F-THK5351 positron emission tomography (PET) scans of patients with clinically diagnosed nonfluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (navPPA). METHODS: Thirty-one participants, including those with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n=13), navPPA (n=3), and those with normal control (NC, n=15) who completed 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-THK5351 PET scans, and detailed neuropsychological tests, were included. Voxel-based and region of interest (ROI)-based analyses were performed to evaluate retention of 18F-THK5351 in navPPA patients. RESULTS: In ROI-based analysis, patients with navPPA had higher levels of THK retention in the Broca's area, bilateral inferior frontal lobes, bilateral precentral gyri, and bilateral basal ganglia. Patients with navPPA showed higher levels of THK retention in bilateral frontal lobes (mainly left side) compared than NC in voxel-wise analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, THK retention in navPPA patients was mainly distributed at the frontal region which was well correlated with functional-radiological distribution of navPPA. Our results suggest that tau PET imaging could be a supportive tool for diagnosis of navPPA in combination with a clinical history.

Cerebral Infarction Caused by Painless Aortic Dissection

No abstract available.

Bilateral Sudden Hearing Difficulty Caused by Bilateral Thalamic Infarction

No abstract available.

Neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia extract against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Many studies have suggested that neuronal cells protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death by polyphenolic compounds. We investigated the neuroprotective effects and the mechanism of action of Momordica charantia ethanol extract (MCE) against H₂O₂-induced cell death of human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells. METHODS: The antioxidant activity of MCE was measured by the quantity of total phenolic acid compounds (TPC), quantity of total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined by CCK-8 assay. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. Antioxidant enzyme (SOD-1,2 and GPx-1) expression was determined by real-time PCR. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and apoptosis signal expression was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: The TPC and TFC quantities of MCE were 28.51 mg gallic acid equivalents/extract g and 3.95 mg catechin equivalents/extract g, respectively. The IC₅₀ value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was 506.95 µg/ml for MCE. Pre-treatment with MCE showed protective effects against H₂O₂-induced cell death and inhibited ROS generation by oxidative stress. SOD-1,2 and GPx-1 mRNA expression was recovered by pre-treatment with MCE compared with the presence of H₂O₂. Pre-treatment with MCE inhibited phosphorylation of p38 and the JNK pathway and down-regulated cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP by H₂O₂. CONCLUSION: The neuroprotective effects of MCE in terms of recovery of antioxidant enzyme gene expression, down-regulation of MAPK pathways, and inhibition apoptosis is associated with reduced oxidative stress in SK-N-MC cells.

Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has a high mortality rate and pandemic potential. However, the neurological manifestations of MERS have rarely been reported since it first emerged in 2012. METHODS: We evaluated four patients with laboratory-confirmed MERS coronavirus (CoV) infections who showed neurological complications during MERS treatment. These 4 patients were from a cohort of 23 patients who were treated at a single designated hospital during the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea. The clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and prognoses are described. RESULTS: Four of the 23 admitted MERS patients reported neurological symptoms during or after MERS-CoV treatment. The potential diagnoses in these four cases included Bickerstaff's encephalitis overlapping with Guillain-Barré syndrome, intensive-care-unit-acquired weakness, or other toxic or infectious neuropathies. Neurological complications did not appear concomitantly with respiratory symptoms, instead being delayed by 2–3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Neuromuscular complications are not rare during MERS treatment, and they may have previously been underdiagnosed. Understanding the neurological manifestations is important in an infectious disease such as MERS, because these symptoms are rarely evaluated thoroughly during treatment, and they may interfere with the prognosis or require treatment modification.

The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cerebral Blood Flow and Vascular Resistance: A Preliminary Study / 대한임상신경생리학회지

BACKGROUND: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cerebral vessels have not been clarified until now. Thus we investigated the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation on cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance via transcranial doppler (TCD). METHODS: Consecutive twenty patients (13 male and 7 female) with at least 1 cerebrovascular risk factor or a known cerebrovascular disease were enrolled. Patients were treated with omega-3 PUFAs (1 g, two times per day) for 12 weeks. Cerebral blood flow velocity, resistance index, and pulsatile index were checked before and after 12 weeks of treatment using TCD. RESULTS: The change of resistance index in right MCA (from 0.58 +/- 0.07 to 0.55 +/- 0.07, p = 0.042) and left PCA (from 0.56 +/- 0.07 to 0.53 +/- 0.06, p = 0.037) showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of omega-3 PUFAs treatment. The changes in other vessels, however, failed to show any significant changes compared to the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 PUFAs treatment showed feasible efficacies for cerebral vascular resistances in this open label trial. To confirm these results, larger samples of patients and longer period of follow-up is warranted.

Ventricular Tachycardia Imitating Epileptic Seizures / 대한임상신경생리학회지

Syncopes are the most common non-epileptic attacks mimicking epileptic seizures. Among them, cardiogenic syncope is potentially life threatening. A 49 year old man was refered for the recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness with tonic posture and upward eyes deviation. The electrocardiogram showed polymorphologic ventricular tachycardia during attacks, which normalized after that. He was treated with isoproterenol and symptoms subsided. Here, we report a case of ventricular tachycardia manifested as epileptic seizures.

Euthyroid Graves' Ophthalmopathy with Negative Autoantibodies

Graves' ophthalmopathy occurs in 25-50% of patients with Graves' disease. Although patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy mostly present with hyperthyroidism, a minority of patients have euthyroid or hypothyroid characteristics, which may delay a correct diagnosis. Here, we report a case of euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy that was initially negative for thyroid autoantibodies, but later changed to positivity.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Korean patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: Preliminary study

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are major components of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we aimed at investigating the prevalence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in very mild to mild Alzheimer’s disease. Forty-four patients with Alzheimer’s disease who visited the neurology outpatient clinic of Seoul Medical Center were included. A trained neurologist or a supervised test technician administered the neuropsychological test, the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery including Mini Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating. The instrument used for assessing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia was Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire. In order of prevalence, apathy, depression, irritability, anxiety, and agitation were the most common symptoms occurring in very mild-to-mild Alzheimer’s disease group. The prevalence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were found to be in positive correlation with the Clinical Dementia Rating scores. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are found even in the very early stage of Alzheimer’s disease, apathy and depression being the most common symptoms. Physicians should be aware of this when managing dementia patients.

Spinal Subdural Hematoma After Lumbar Puncture

Lumbar puncture is a simple bedside procedure that is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of several neurologic diseases. Known complications include headache, backache, infection, and hemorrhage, with the most common being postpuncture headache. We report a case of postpuncture spinal subdural hematoma-which is extremely rare-in a 29-year-old female. Although most cases of postpuncture spinal hematomas are associated with coagulation abnormalities, this case shows that it can occur in the absence of predisposing factors.

The Brain MRI and MRA Findings of Patients Who Visited Memory Disorder Clinic in a General Hospital

BACKGROUND: With the ageing population, number of dementia patients is on the rise, as well as the public interest. The population who would visit memory disorder clinic will also grow. The diagnostic significance of brain MRI in dementia lies in idetifying hippocampal atrophy or ischemic lesions. However, patients visiting memory disorder clinic are mostly old-aged with multiple vascular risk factors, raising the risk of cerebrovascular abnormalities. The authors set out to evaluate the need for cerebrevascular imaging in patients who visited memory disorder clinic. METHODS: The study recruited patients who visited the memory clinic in Seoul medical center between July 2011 and June 2012. Among those, patients who had taken the neuropsychiatric test and had both brain MRI and MRA taken were included for analysis. In brain MRI, severities of white matter hyperintensities and presence of cerebral infarction were assessed. In brain MRA, intra- and extra-cranial arterial stenosis and presence of aneurysm were noted. RESULTS: A total of 173 patients was included, and 64 were men. The mean age was 71+/-9.4 years, and the mean education period was 7+/-5.2 years. In brain MRI, white matter hyperintensities were observed in 113 patients (65.3%), and cerebral infarction was present in 57 patients (32.9%). In brain MRA, 88 (50.9%) patients showed more than one stenotic segment in intracranial vessel or proximal ICA and 6 patients (3.5%) were diagnosed with unruptured aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of white matter hyperintensities or stenosis of cerebral vessels on magnetic resonance imaging is very high. Therefore, brain MRI and MRA should be included in diagnostic work up for dementia in patients who are old aged and have multiple vascular risk factors. It would provide clinicians with valuable information in making treatment decisions and prevention of future cerebrovascular accident.

Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography as Diagnostic Measures for the First Attack of Suspected Cerebrovascular Diseases in Korea

PURPOSE: No precise data are available showing how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can be applied to diagnosis for the first attack of a suspected cerebrovascular disease in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application level of MRI and MRA as diagnostic tools and the related factors to the use of these techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used the health benefit claim data of 89,890 patients who were hospitalized for the first time due to suspected cerebrovascular disease in 2007 without having visited medical institutions as an outpatient or inpatient from 2003 to 2006. RESULTS: Of the 89,890 cases, 28.4% took both MRI and MRA, 10.7% took only MRI and 6.9% took only MRA. The related factors identified in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were gender, type of insurance, type of medical institution, type of department, duration of hospitalization, and type of disease. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the application level of MRI and MRA as diagnostic measures for the first attack of a suspected cerebrovascular diseases varied depending on several factors. It is necessary to study more accurate levels of computerized tomography (CT), computerized tomography angiography (CTA), MRI or MRA as measures to diagnose a first attack of suspected cerebrovascular disease.

Changes in Length of Stay for Neurological Geriatric Diseases in Korea between 2003 and 2007

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The elderly population and the prevalence of stroke, dementia, and Parkinson's disease are increasing rapidly in Korea. The aim of this study was to establish the length of stay (LOS) for neurological geriatric diseases, and analyze this parameteraccording to healthcare institutions. METHODS: We used data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2003 to 2007. Nineteen neurological geriatric diseases were classified into four groups: dementia, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and Parkinson's disease. LOS was analyzed according to gender, age, insurance type, disease group, and type of healthcare institution. RESULTS: The LOS for neurological geriatric diseases lengthened from 5,550,193 days (10.8% of the total National Health Insurance admission days) in 2003 to 14,749,671 days (19.7%) in 2007. The mean LOS was 40.8 days in 2003, and lengthened to 71.2 days in 2007. After stratification by disease group, the mean LOS for long-term-care hospitals lengthened by 1.43 times (from 81.7 to 116.6 days) in the cerebral infarction group, 1.35 times (from 85.6 to 115.2 days) in the cerebral hemorrhage group, and 1.28 times (from 82.7 to 105.7 days) in the Parkinson's disease group. CONCLUSIONS: The LOS for neurological geriatric diseases has lengthened markedly, which isdue to an increasesin the number of hospitalized patients and the mean LOS, which have increased most rapidly in long-term-care hospitals. These results may be useful in developing geriatric health policies.

Abdominal Wall Protrusion Following Herpes Zoster

No abstract available.

A Case of Fahr's Disease Presenting with Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

Bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia, the thalami, the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere characterize Fahr's disease. The common clinical manifestations of the disease are movement disorders accompanied by cognitive impairment and mood disorder. Herein we report a case of Fahr's disease with atypical clinical manifestations. The patient was a 48 year-old man who presented with behavioral changes. His neurological examination showed no focal neurological deficits except for frontal dysfunctions. Abnormal involuntary movement was absent. Neuroimaging work-ups were compatible with Fahr's disease.

Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis: Report of a Case Presenting with Chronic Meningitis

Neoplastic meningitis occurs in approximately 5% of patients with cancer. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis is a rare condition whereby a glioma arises from heterotopic cell nests in the leptomeninges. We report here a case presenting with clinical features similar to those of chronic infectious meningitis without positive cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Neurological signs in our patient deteriorated progressively without responding to antitubercular, antiviral, or antibiotic therapy. Leptomeningeal biopsy sampling revealed the condition to be primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis.

Truncal Contrapulsion in Pretectal Syndrome

Truncal contrapulsion in association with pretectal syndrome has not been described previously. We report a patient with vertical-gaze palsy and severe truncal contrapulsion due to an infarction in the mesodiencephalic junction. Truncal contrapulsion in this patient may have resulted from the disruption of the ascending fibers in the crossed cerebellothalamic tract.