Effectiveness of Cyclosporine-steroid Treatment after Cataract Surgery according to Dry Eye Severity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of topically administered 0.05% cyclosporine combined with a topical steroid in the early postoperative period after cataract surgery, and to compare the therapeutic efficacy according to the severity of dry eye. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-six patients who underwent unilateral cataract surgery and received topical cyclosporine 0.05% for 8 weeks combined with a fluorometholone 0.1% steroid for 4-weeks were classified into three groups according to preoperative dry eye level: the control group, non-dry eye (n = 78); group 1, level I dry eye (n = 38); and group 2, level II dry eye (n = 40). The best-corrected distance visual acuity, intraocular pressure, dry eye symptom questionnaire (ocular surface disease index), tear film break-up time (TBUT), and Schirmer test-I (STI) were evaluated. RESULTS: The preoperative score of dry eye symptoms improved significantly at one week postoperatively and continued to improve until postoperative 8-weeks in all groups, especially in group 2 compared with the control. Groups 1 and 2 showed significant improvement in the TBUT at one week, four weeks, and eight weeks postoperatively, compared to eight weeks postoperatively in the control; Group 2, especially, showed significant improvement in TBUT. There was no difference in STI value after cyclosporine-steroid treatment in the control group; however, a significant difference was observed at four weeks postoperatively in dry eyes. No significant differences in STI results were observed among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of topical cyclosporine 0.05% combined with a topical fluorometholone 0.1% steroid after cataract surgery is more effective in dry eyes level II than in non-dry eyes, especially those with TBUT and dry eye symptoms at eight weeks postoperatively.

Perinatal Outcomes of Small for Gestational Age Infants in a Korean Tertiary Medical Center

PURPOSE: To examine the perinatal outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA) infants, compared with non-SGA infants and those born at 39 weeks, and to determine the optimal gestational age of delivery METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study (n=7,580) for births at a tertiary hospital. SGA was stratified into severe (below 5th percentile) and moderate (5~10th percentile) groups. Statistical comparison was performed using the χ2 test and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: As compared to the non-SGA group at 38 weeks' births, the odds of sepsis were significantly increased in the moderate SGA group (OR 2.84, 95% CI, 1.12~7.20) and severe SGA group (OR 3.63, 95% CI, 1.14~11.58). In addition, the odds of respiratory distress syndrome at 41 weeks' births were significantly increased in moderate SGA (OR 15.32, 95% CI, 1.92~122.08) and severe SGA (OR 16.31, 95% CI, 1.18~226.14) groups, compared to it in the non-SGA group. The odds of other neonatal outcomes in the moderate SGA group were not significantly increased, as compared to the non-SGA group. However, the odds of neonatal intensive care unit admission and composite morbidity in the severe SGA group were significantly increased at 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, and 41 weeks' births, as compared to the non-SGA group. There was no significant difference in neonatal outcomes from 38 to 41 weeks in moderate SGA, and from 37 to 41 weeks in severe SGA. CONCLUSIONS: If there is no medical indication, delivery at 39 weeks can be considered in SGA pregnancies. However, delivery can be planned from 37 gestational weeks in severe SGA pregnancies,with a subjective finding of fetal compromise.

Clinical Outcomes Following Simultaneous Orbital Implant Insertion Operation and Dermo-Fat Graft for Anophthalmos Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical results of patients who have undergone simultaneous dermo-fat graft and insertion of orbital implants in patients who are unable to put on an ocular prosthesis due to severe conjunctival sac contracture or large orbital implant exposure. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent dermo-fat graft simultaneously with orbital implant insertion for replacement of the conjunctival sac from 2007 to 2012. Eight eyes were enrolled in this study and all patients were followed up for phthisis bulbi or implant exposure. RESULTS: Among the eight eyes, five eyes (62.5%) that were diagnosed with orbital implant exposure underwent orbital implant exchange and dermo-fat graft, and two eyes (25%) were anophthalmic enophthalmic patients and underwent secondary orbital implant insertion and dermo-fat graft. One patient (12.5%) underwent orbital implant insertion and dermo-fat graft simultaneously during the evisceration operation. We followed the progress for 46.3 months. For seven out of eight eyes, the results of the wound healing process were successful. One patient underwent removal and reinsertion of the orbital implant with dermo-fat graft, and the wound in this case healed well. However, after five months, dermo-fat re-graft was performed for orbital implant re-exposure and it was not exposed thereafter. Overall cosmetic appearance was satisfactory in each patient, and all patients were able to comfortably retain a prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: We found that undergoing dermo-fat graft simultaneously when performing orbital implant insertion is effective for replacement of the conjunctival sac and orbital volume.

Results of the Cultured Nasolacrimal Polyurethane Stents (Song's stent(R)) in Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Treatment

PURPOSE: In the present study, we cultured specimens and evaluated the types of bacteria existing at the stent and their antibiotic sensitivities from removed nasolacrimal polyurethane stents (Song's stents) due to recurrent inflammation or Song's stent obstruction after placement of Song's stents without fluoroscopic guidance for the treatment of obstructed nasolacrimal ducts. METHODS: In 11 eyes of 11 patients who received Song's stent intubation to resolve nasolacrimal duct obstruction, the Song's stents were removed due to either recurred symptoms, signs of chronic dacryocystitis, or tube obstruction. Song's stents were cultured to identify bacteria and tested for their antibiotic sensitivity. RESULTS: The Song's stent removal was from 3 years 7 months to 17 years 1 month after intubation, thus the average duration was 10 years. The species of cultured bacteria were Pseudomonas in 7 eyes, Staphylococcus aureus in 2 eyes, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in 2 eyes. In antibiotics sensitivity tests, 5 of 7 eyes with Pseudomonas were resistant to trimethoprime/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim(R), Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and 2 eyes with Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to penicillin. Ten eyes underwent silicone tube intubation simultaneously during Song's stent removal and 1 eye underwent Song's stent removal only. CONCLUSIONS: The most common bacteriological etiology of Song's stent obstruction or recurrent inflammation is Pseudomonas species. The use of efficient antibiotics is necessary to avoid antibiotic intolerance and simultaneous silicone tube intubation during Song's stent removal and is essential for the management of epiphora.

Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). METHODS: Six eyes of 6 patients who were diagnosed with acute CRAO were enrolled in the present study. The main SD-OCT measurements included macular thickness in the macular cube map and retinal thickness in the 5-line raster map. RESULTS: In acute CRAO, macular thickness increased more than that in the normal fellow eye in all cases. SD-OCT images demonstrated increased reflectivity and thickness in the inner retinal layer, especially in the nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer. However, in the outer retinal layer, SD-OCT images disclosed decreased reflectivity and increased thickness. The central subfield thickness area image showed normal reflectivity and thickness. The horizontal cross-sectional image showed relatively the same edema ratio between the inner retinal layer and outer retinal layer thickness. There was no cystoid or serous foveal detachment-type edema. CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT images of CRAO showed increased outer retinal layer thickness and decreased reflectance as well as increased inner retinal layer thickness and reflectance. However, inner segment and outer segment junctions of the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial signal were intact.

Prognostic Value of Left Atrium Remodeling after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between left atrial (LA) size and outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to evaluate dynamic changes in LA size during long-term follow-up. Echocardiographic analyses were performed on 253 AMI patients (174 male and 79 female, 65.4 +/- 13.7 yr) undergoing PCI. These subjects were studied at baseline and at 12 months. Clinical follow-up were done at 30.8 +/- 7.5 months. We assessed LA volume index (LAVI) at AMI-onset and at 12-month. Change of LAVI was an independent predictor of new onset of atrial fibrillation or hospitalization for heart failure (P = 0.002). Subjects who survived the 12-month period displayed an increased LAVI mean of 1.86 +/- 4.01 mL/m2 (from 26.1 +/- 8.6 to 28.0 +/- 10.1 mL/m2, P < 0.001). The subject group that displayed an increased LAVI correlated with a low left ventricular ejection fraction, large left ventricle systolic and diastolic dimensions and an enlarged LA size. In conclusion, change of LAVI is useful parameter to predict subsequent adverse cardiac event in AMI patients. Post-AMI echocardiographic evaluation of LAVI provides important prognostic information that is significantly greater than that obtained from clinical and laboratory parameters alone.

A Case of Bilateral Optic Neuritis in Tsutsugamushi Infection

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral optic neuritis in a child after tsutsugamushi infection. CASE SUMMARY: An eight-year-old boy diagnosed with tsutsugamushi infection was referred to the ophthalmology clinic at our institution. A typical eschar was detected on his right clavicle. The patient complained of severely decreased visual acuity. The initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in his right eye was 0.08, and in his left eye was negative light perception. Fundus exam showed bilateral optic disc swelling and hyperemia. Optic neuritis was diagnosed after tsutsugamushi infection, and high-dose intravenous steroid therapy was initiated according to the ONTT study protocol. Twelve months after treatment, the right eye BCVA improved to 1.0, but the left eye BCVA was only 0.06. CONCLUSIONS: The authors of the present study experienced a case of bilateral optic neuritis after tsutsugamushi infection with a relatively positive response to the steroid therapy.

Spontaneously Resolved Purtscher's Retinopathy within 24 Hours: Case Report and OCT Review

PURPOSE: To report a case of unilateral Purtscher's retinopathy that spontaneously resolved within 24 hours. CASE SUMMARY: A 54-year-old man presented with decreased visual acuity in his left eye after a vehicle accident. When the accident occurred, his chest region was compressed by the safety belt. The case was diagnosed with Purtscher's retinopathy based on fundus examination, flourescein angiography (FAG) and optical coherent tomography (OCT). At presentation, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.3 in the affected eye. Tiny Purtscher-flecken and macular edema were observed but there was no sign of retinal hemorrhage. Immediately after the trauma, OCT detected abnormally increased hyperreflectivity in the nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer, severe cystoid edema and serous foveal detachment. Without any treatment, BCVA was improved to 1.0 within 12 hours. Recovery of visual acuity was followed by improvement of abnormal hyperreflectivity in the nerve fiber layer, cystoid macular edema and serous foveal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: The authors of the present study report a dramatically resolved unilateral Purtscher's retinopathy after blunt chest trauma.

A Giant Unruptured Aneurysm of Distal Internal Carotid Artery Presenting with Compressive Optic Neuropathy

PURPOSE: To report a case of compressive optic neuropathy due to a giant unruptured aneurysm of a distal internal carotid artery. CASE SUMMARY: A 68-year-old female presented with a one-week history of visual disturbance in her left eye. The patient had no underlying disease except hypertension. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 8/20 in the left eye. The color perception test showed abnormal findings in the left eye. Slit lamp examination showed no abnormal finding except incipient cataract in both eyes. Additionally, fundus examination showed no abnormal finding. Brain MRI and MRA revealed a 2.4 x 2.2 x 3.0-cm-sized unruptured giant aneurysm on the left internal carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: A giant aneurysm should be considered as a cause for acute or subacute optic neuropathy in a patient with hypertension.

A Case of Ciliary Body Tuberculoma Causing Sclera Melting

PURPOSE: To report a case of ciliary body tuberculoma, which induced scleral melting. CASE SUMMARY: A 32-year-old man, who was diagnosed with miliary pulmonary tuberculosis 1 week earlier, presented with a conjunctival injection and mass on his right eye 3 months in duration. On excisional biopsy, melted sclera and exposed uveal tissue were found; acid-fast stain was positive. Two months after anti-tuberculosis treatment, anterior granulomatous uveitis and granuloma formation on the anterior chamber angle developed. A low-dose systemic steroid therapy was added. Six weeks after systemic steroid therapy, anterior uveitis and granuloma on anterior chamber angle disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a case of ocular tuberculosis on the ciliary body. A low-dose systemic steroid along with multi-drug anti-tubercular therapy may be an effective treatment of ciliary body tuberculoma.

Tinnitus Masking Effects Using Various Kinds of Sound and Music / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Even though various methods have been tried to diagnose and treat tinnitus, researchers have fallen short of providing the accurate characteristics since most tinnitus are presented as a subjective symptom. A few researchers have tried to assimilate tinnitus using computer and music synthesizers, however, their efforts have not yet been developed as generalized treatment modalities. In this study, we attempted to induce not only tinnitus masking but also psychological stability with various kinds of sound and music and to analyse its treatment effects. The aim of this study is to make a step toward developing tinnitus treatment. MAERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 28 patients with constant tinnitus, who visited the otolaryngology department of Seoul Paik Hospital, Medical College of Inje University from June to December of 1997. We tried to objectify the tinnitus as close to the actual sound as possible by synthesizing the modulation of the broad band noises and recording not only the existing pure tones and broad band noises but also the natural and artificial sounds which the patients could easily hear from their surroundings. And then we tried to mask tinitus with various natural, artificial and synthetic sounds, including its frequency band. We also let them hear the tapes for contemplation and various music. RESULTS: The results were as follows. 1) As for the quality of tinnitus, 13 patients reported similarity to the pure tone (46.4%), seven to narrow band noise (25%), eight to natural environmental sounds (21.4%), one each to artificial environmental sound and white noise (3.6%) and no one to synthetic sound. 2) The sound that masked tinnitus well was three octave broad band noise including the tinnitus frequency. 3) Twenty four patients (85.7%) chose music as the most comfortable sound to listen to. 4) Three patients (10.7%) replied that their tinnitus were decreased in amplitude and 15 patients (53.6%) reported that it was easier to stand the tinnitus even though their tinnitus persisted. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that music therapy provides psycological stability in addtion to inducing masking effect, even though it can't directly decrease nor completely remove tinnitus. Thus we believe that a more effective result can be obtained if music therapy is implemented on a gradual basis as a part of the whole treatment process.

Comparative Analysis on Anatomical Measurements of Paranasal Sinuses Using Nasal Endoscope and CT / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is rare to find any studies reporting on the practical measurements of landmarks in the paranasal sinuses that are done intraoperatively as well as comparative analysis on the anatomical and radiological measurements of the paranasal sinuses. The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomical measurements of the paranasal sinuses using nasal endoscope and CT scout films to determine the statistical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 130 patients the authors used bayonet forceps and seekers to measure the distances from the anterior nares to some of the intranasal structures, such as the uncinate process, bulla ethmoidalis, basal lamella, maxillary ostium, posterior wall of ethmoid sinus, anterior wall of sphenoid sinus and posterior wall of sphenoid sinus. Then, using the CT scout films, we measured the distances between the anterior nasal spine and the basal lamella (B.L.), the anterior wall of sphenoid sinus (A.W.S.), and the posterior wall of sphenoid sinus (P.W.S.). We analyzed the mean values of the basal lamella, the anterior and posterior wall of sphenoid sinus from all the available data in order to compare the endoscopic and radiologic measurements, and carried out a paired t-test. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant discrepancy in the comparative analysis of the CT scout film and the endoscopic measurements of the basal lamella, anterior wall of sphenoid sinus and posterior wall of sphenoid sinus, althought there were no significant discrepancy for basal lamella in female patients (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The differnces between the CT and operative measurements observed in this study were due to differnt measuring points, differences in the measuring angles, and inaccurate locations of the landmarks on the CT scout films owing to their small sizes. These findings indicate that a more accurate method need to be introduced in using the CT films to measure the anatomical landmarks in the paranasl sinuses.

Anatomical Measurements of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Using Nasal Endoscope / 대한이비인후과학회지

Endoscopic sinus surgery as a surgical technique for chronic sinusitis has become very popular. So, surgeons should be familiar with the structures and variation of the paranasal sinus to avoid the risks of endoscopic sinus surgery. Many investigations were performed to measure the sinus structure with CT and cadaver dissection. But, there were not to be performed precise measurements in paranasal sinus during operation. The authors measured the distance between anterior nares to intranasal structures such as uncinate process, bulla ethmoidalis, basal lamella, maxillary ostium, posterior wall of ethmoid sinus, anterior wall of sphenoid sinus and posterior wall of sphenoid sinus in 86 patients during endoscopic sinus surgery which were performed by one surgeon. The authors analyzed between measured distance in paranasal sinus and circumference and anteroposterior diameter of head using t-test. The results were as followed. 1) The distance from anterior nares to uncinate process was 45.3+/-2.8mm, to basal lamella 57.9+/-4.6mm, to maxillary ostium 48.3+/-4.7mm, to anterior wall of sphenoid sinus 69.9+/-3.6mm, and to posterior wall of sphenoid sinus 83.7+/-4.3mm. 2) There were no significant difference between sex, circumference and anteroposterior diameter of head.

Study on Short Term Test-Retest Reliability of High Frequency Audiometry / 대한이비인후과학회지

Although high frequency threshold has been regarded as a early detector of cochlear damage, there has been no standardized system for calibration or measurement of high frequency threshold. Compared measurement of the high frequency(10-20KHz) with measurement of the low frequency(250-8000Hz), it is difficult to establish high frequency normative values because thresholds vary widely with age, calibration system and kinds of audiometer, etc.... But short term test-retest may not be influenced by calibration variance. So we tried to obtain intrasubjective test-retest threshold difference of high frequency threshold difference within 4 weeks intervals. 47 ears of normal low frequency hearing(250-8000Hz) young adults were tested with commercial high frequency audiometer(Beltone 2000) and Sennheiser HD 250 linear headphone. The results were as follows: 1) Test-retest difference within 10dB SPL was more than 89% in every frequency. 2) Test-retest difference within 15dB SPL was more than 96% in every frequency. Results of this study suggest that acceptable range of intrasubjective difference of high frequency threshold within 4 weeks intervals is 15dB SPL.

Cytokine mRNA Expression of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children / 대한이비인후과학회지

Otitis media with effusion(OME) is the most common cause of acquired hearing loss in children. Some children suffer from a chronic form of this disease known as chronic otitis media with effusion(COME), which is manifested by the retention of fluid and inflammatory products in the middle ear cleft and by the eustachian tube dysfunction. The etiology and pathogenesis of COME, however, have not been fully elucidated. Middle ear effusion(MEE) is a complex mixture of transudate, secretory products from glands of middle ear mucosa and products from inflammatory cells and infecting organisms. Recently, there has been a great interest in the pathogenetic roles of cytokines, a group of low molecular weight glycoproteins produced by macrophages, lymphocytes and other cells. Activities of cytokines include fever production, activation of osteoclasts, fibroblasts, phagocytes and cytotoxic cells, regulation of antibody formation and inhibition of growth of cartilage, bone and endothelial cells. In this study, we have utilized the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) technique to determine accurately the existence of mRNAs for five cytokines in MEEs collected from 22 children with COME. Messenger RNAs for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2 and IL-8 were detected in 68%, 86%, 59% and 95% of specimens, respectively, Interleukin-4 mRNA was absent in all the specimens. The persistent production of cytokines by the inflammatory cells in MEE of COME due to sustained presence of antigens or most-recent antigenic stimuli may play the central role in prolonged OME and responsible for the mucosal damage, bone erosion, fibrosis and resulting hearing loss seen in some cases of COME.

CT and MR Findings of the Inverted Papilloma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the CT and MR findings of inverted papilloma and to determine the specific differential finding between inverted papilloma with and without coexisting malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two histopathologically proven inverted papillomas were included in this study; in six patients there was coexisting malignancy. Twenty-two CT images and eight MR images were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: On CT images, the inverted papillomas were seen as unilateral sinonasal masses with bone remodeling (n=15) rather than bone destruction (n=1) and showed iso- or slightly high attenvation. Three of the six malignant cases showed aggressive bone destruction and widespread extension into the orbit, intracranial and buccal spaces, and pterygopalatine fossa. On MR images, the inverted papillomas (n=3) were iso- (n=2) or slightly high (n=1) in signal intensity in relation to muscle on T1 weighted images, and high (n=3) on T2 weigihted images. Gadolinium enhanced images showed heterogenous moderate enhancement. In the cases of coexisting malignancy (n=5), the masses were iso- (n=5) on T1 weighted images, high (n=5) on T2 weighted images and also showed heterogenous moderate enhancement. CONCLUSION: Inverted papilloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a bulky unilateral nasal mass extending into the adjacent paranasal sinuses, especially in an elderly patient with chronic nasal obstruction. Although there were no specific differential findings in signal intensiy and enhancement pattern on CT and MR images between benign and malignant inverted papilloma, aggressive bone destruction and widespread extension beyond the sinonasal cavity are findings which are highly suggestive of coexisting malignancy.

Lumbar MR Myelography with Constructive Interference in Steady State(CISS)-3DFT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of 3DFT CISS MR myelography (MRM) by comparing it with 3DFT FISP MRM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four subjects consisting of normal volunteers and patients complaining of back pain underwent lumbar spine MRI, 3DFT CISS MRM, and 3DFT FISP MRM. The 3DFT FISP MRM and 3DFT CISS MRM images were analysed and in each case, the following were compared : sharpness of the dural sac; differentiation of nerve roots and CSF ; visualization of the nerve root sleeve and of dural sac compression. RESULTS: Image acquisition time of 3DFT CISS MRM was shorter than that of 3DFT FISP MRM, and the former was significantly superior to the latter in sharpness of the dural sac (86%, p=0.004), differentiation of nerve roots and CSF (74%, p=0.0168), andvisualization of dural sac compression (90%, p=0.0016). With regard to visualization of nerve root sleeves, 3DFT CISS MRM was superior to 3DFT FISP MRM, but not significantly (68%, p=0.0872). CONCLUSION: 3DFT CISS MRM requiresa shorter image acquisition time and gives a better image than 3DFT FISP MRM; we therefore consider it to be a useful MR method.

CT Findings of Silicosis

PURPOSE: To describe chest radiographic and CT findings of silicosis, and to compare their findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten coal miners and six stonemasons were included in this study. All were male and their mean age was 53.1. The mean duration of dust exposure was 15.2 years(range, 5-30 years) in coal miners and 25.3years(range, 15|35 years) in stonemasons. Chest radiographs(n=16), conventional CT scans(n=4), and high resolutionCT(HRCT) scans(n=13) were evaluated. Parenchymal abnormalities were interpreted on the basis of ILO standardfilms(1980) in chest radiographs and on the basis of CAP(College of American Pathologists, 1979) in CT(HRCT)films. RESULTS: Chest radiographs revealed large opacities(n=8), small opacities(n=6), and normal findings(n=2).Type r(n=4) and category 1/1(n=2) were most common for small opacities, while for large opacities, category B(n=4) and category c(n=4) were most common. These small and large opacities were located predominantly in the area of the upper and middle lung. Associated findings were emphysema(n=7), eggshell nodal calcifications(n=3), pneumothorax(n=3), C-P angle blunting(n=4), and pleural thickening(n=1). CT scans revealed micronodules(n=16), nodules(n=3), and progressive massive fibrosis(PMF, n=8). All these lesions were located in the upper and middlelungs, especially in the central portion of the posterior lung. PMF showed diffuse and homogenous(n=3) andpuntate(n=2) calcifications, cavitations(n=5), air bronchograms(n=3), and necrosis(n=1). Peripheral paracicatricalemphysema was associated with PMF(n=8). Other findings were pneumothorax(n=4), emphysema(n=10), hilar andmediastinal nodal enlargement(n=11), bronchial wall thick-enings(n=6), bronchiectasis(n=1), pleuralthickening(n=7), parenchymal fibrosis(n=1), and pulmonary tuberculosis(n=2). CONCLUSION: Small and large opacities in chest radiographs and micronodules, nodules, and PMFs in CT(HRCT) films were located predominately inthe upper and middle lungs, especially in the central portion of the posterior lung in CT films. CT was superiorto plain chest radiographs in the following ways : (1) in the early detection of small opacities, including subpleural micronodules, and in the precise evaluation of their concentration and topography ; (2) in the detection of cavitation or calcification within conglomerate large opacity lesions ; (3) in the detection of hilarand mediastinal nodal enlargements ; and (4) in quantitative assessment of the severity of emphysema.

A clinical study on the labyrinthine fistula / 대한이비인후과학회지

No abstract available.