RESUMEN
Objectives@#The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a difference between right and left femur bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. @*Methods@#We performed a retrospective chart review of postmenopausal women who underwent bone mineral density (BMD) measurement from 2010 to 2019 at a single center using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data, including BMD and T-scores of bilateral hip and lumbar spine, was gathered for all postmenopausal women above the age of 50 years. The continuous variables were expressed as means with standard deviation for normal distribution and analyzed with a two-sample t-test. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the effect of underlying medical conditions on T-score of bilateral hips. For all analyses, a p-value of ＜0.05 was considered significant. @*Results@#346 patients were included in the study with a mean age at imaging of 62 + 9.7 years and body mass index (BMI) of 23.4 + 6.1 kg/m2 . There were no significant differences between right and left femoral BMDs in all patients. There were significant differences in BMD of both total femurs in women in their 60s and women with normal BMD. There was no difference in both femur BMDs between those taking hormone therapy and those not taking hormone therapy. In patients undergoing osteoporosis treatment, there was a difference in the BMD of both femur neck. Calcium and vitamin D intake were not associated with differences between both femur BMD. We found a significant correlation between the BMD measures at lumbar spine and both femur (p ＜ 0.01). @*Conclusion@#There were no significant differences between right and left femoral BMDs in postmenopausal women. Therefore, BMD may be measured at either hip. The correlation of bone density between lumbar spine and femur neck is shown to be statistically meaningful. Based on the knowledge of the correlation coefficients between lumbar spine and femur neck, it seems possible to predict the BMD result of one location through the measurement of another.
RESUMEN
Menopause is a normal phenomenon in a woman’s life cycle involving multiple health-related issues that contribute to physical instability. Changes in the immune system in postmenopausal women are caused by estrogen deprivation along with age. Increased proinflammatory serum marker levels, cytokine responses in body cells, decreased CD4 T and B lymphocyte levels, and natural killer cell cytotoxic activity are also observed during postmenopause. Moreover, vitamin D, in addition to its classical effects on calcium homeostasis and bone density, plays an important role. Current evidence indicates that vitamin D regulates innate and adaptive immune responses; however, vitamin D deficiency is linked to increased autoimmune activity and infection susceptibility. This review provides an overview of the consequences of immune alterations as an outcome of aging in postmenopausal women and the benefit of vitamin D supplementation.