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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorder among women of fertile age. The incidence of PCOS as claimed by various observer ranges from 2.2% to as high as 26%. India is considered as an emerging epidemic area for PCOS and limited studies are done. Hence aim of this study is to find the prevalence of PCOS and determine the associated determining factors in adolescent girls.Methods: All the girls aged 15-24 years were approached and after undergoing detailed history, examination and investigations were further diagnosed as PCOS. The study subjects were then classified into two group: the PCOS and non-PCOS group and compared to determine significant differences as per the Rotterdam criteria.Results: The prevalence of PCOS was 7.5%, 18.68% and 11.18% as per NIH, Rotterdam and AES criteria respectively. BMI more than 30, waist circumference > 80 cm, hyperandrogenic manifestations, menstrual irregularity (oligomenorrhea) and family history of PCOS and DM showed statistically significant association with PCOS. Serum LH, LH/FSH ratio, S. Testosterones, serum insulin and HOMA-IR had significant association with PCOS. No significant association of Fasting blood sugar levels and deranged lipid profile was found with PCOS.Conclusions: PCOS is an emerging disorder during adolescents and hence awareness creation, early screening in order to inculcate early life style modifications and prevent metabolic and reproductive complications of this disease.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a rapidly growing health problem in India. Diet and physical activity are important modifiable risk factors affecting the incidence, severity and management of DM. The aim of the study was to assess diet of diabetes mellitus patients. 87 adults from a cohort of diabetic patients attending the Medical Clinics at the Hamidia Hospital Bhopal were invited for the study.Methods: Information about their nutritional status & food consumption pattern was taken by 24-hour dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire. Data was analysed using Epi Info and MS Excel. Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the participants while the significance difference in between male and female participants. The significance level was set at P <0.05 and 0.01. Statistical analysis used: MS Excel and Epi Info.Results: The study sample was 87 out of which 56 were females and 31 were males; mean age of DM patients was 48.21±12.98.The mean energy intake was 1386.52 kcal and 1125.79 kcal among male and female. The mean protein intake was 68.71 g and 50.50 among male and female diabetics. There was significant difference between male and female age. There were no significant difference in body mass index and waist hip ratio between male and female. 30 (34.5%) & 16 (18.4%) were overweight and obese respectively.Conclusions: Based on these findings, the dietary practices of diabetic patients are inadequate and require improvement. Education and counselling about diet of a diabetes patient is needed.
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Nail dyschromias have a wide variety of presentation. There are numerous causes of discoloration of the nail affecting the nail plate, nail attachments, or the substance of the nail. The chromonychia may also be caused due to the exogenous deposition of pigments over the nail plate. Careful examination of the nail and few bed side tests may help in identifying the root cause of the nail dyschromia and many a times unravels some underlying systemic disorder too.
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A middle-aged hypertensive male, with a fatty liver and chronic alcohol intake, relocated to a high altitude of 2100 m above sea level; in the first winter season, he developed bluish skin lesions over the tip of the nose, margins of both ear lobes, both knees, and subungual location. Systemic examination was unremarkable. Skin biopsy showed thrombi in dermal vessels without any evidence of vasculitis; immunofluorescence was negative. Investigations revealed mild elevation in plasma homocysteine levels, weakly positive antinuclear antibodies and elevated antiphospholipid antibodies, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T heterozygosity, and protein S deficiency. The patient received prednisolone for 2 weeks, aspirin and pentoxyphylline for 3 months, and continues to be on folic acid and vitamin B6. After 3 months, antiphospholipid antibodies and antinuclear antibody levels were normal. Isolated distal cutaneous thrombosis is an uncommon entity and precipitation by extreme cold in a hypertensive male with three thrombophilic states - one transient, one hereditary, and one acquired - is fascinating.
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Skin is one of the most frequently involved organs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and mucocutaneous manifestations may be one of the earliest markers of AIDS. The prevalence of cutaneous abnormalities in HIV approaches nearly 90%. Mucocutaneous manifestations may also act as a prognostic marker of HIV infection. Children are increasingly being affected by HIV infection and it is important to realize the presence of the infection early in the disease process as their immune status is not mature enough to handle the stress of various infections. Skin manifestations can serve as early markers and prognostic indicators of HIV infection. This review highlights the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and the mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection in children.