Eccrine Skin Adnexal Tumors: An Institutional Based Clinicopathological Study

Background: Histopathology is the gold standard of diagnosiswith a limited role of Immunohistochemistry. The present studywas Conducted to study the Eccrine skin Adnexal tumors withreference to their Anatomical location, age, sex of theindividuals affected to determine their incidence and correlatethem with other simulating studies.Material & Method: A total of 106 specimens of skin Adnexaltumors were received in the department of pathology fromdepartment of Dermatology, surgery and other specialties fromJune 2002 to May 2012. Histopathological Examination wasdone on routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stained tissuesections. Special stains like PAS and recticulin was donewhere required.Results: There were 21 males and 25 female patientsconstituting a ratio of 0.84 :1. The age range of these tumorswas 31-40 years with a mean age range of 43.73 years. In thepresent study 46/106 (43.39%) cases of SAT’s were of eccrinedifferentiation. Eccrine Acrospiroma was the most CommonBenign Skin adnexal tumor of Eccrine differentiationconstituting 25 out of 46 cases (54.34%) and Eccrine poromawas the least common benign Eccrine SAT. Out of 6 cases ofMalignant Eccrine skin Adnexal tumors 3/46 were of malignanteccrine acrospiroma and eccrine ductal carcinomarespectively.Conclusion: We concluded that the pattern and biologicalbehaviour of the tumors cannot be determined until thebiopsies are submitted for HPE so histopathology is mandatoryfor diagnosis SAT and to know their potential biologicalbehaviour for further management.

The time required to diagnose and treat lung cancer in Delhi, India: an updated experience of a public referral center

Background: Delays that postpone the evaluation and management of malignancy may lead to considerable morbidity. The primary objective of this study was to assess the time required to diagnose and treat lung cancer at an Indian public referral center that predominantly serves lower-income patients. Methods: A review of patients diagnosed with lung cancer between January 2008 and December 2016 was completed. We computed the median time intervals and inter-quartile ranges between symptom onset, definitive diagnostic investigation, confirmed histologic diagnosis, and chemotherapy initiation. Median intervals were correlated with baseline demographics and disease characteristics using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: One thousand, three hundred and-seventy patients were selected. A majority (94.5%) with non-small cell lung cancer were diagnosed with advanced disease. After developing symptoms, patients required 101 [56­168] days to undergo a definitive diagnostic study, 107 [60­173] days to confirm a diagnosis, and 126 [85­196.8] days to initiate treatment. Patients who were previously treated for tuberculosis required more time to receive chemotherapy compared to those who were not (187 [134­261.5] days vs. 113 [75­180] days, p < 0.0001). A specialty Lung Cancer Clinic was implemented in 2012, and the mean referrals per month increased nearly four-fold (p < 0.0001), but the time required to administer treatment was not shortened. Conclusion: Among lower-income Indian patients, the most prominent delays occur prior to diagnosis. Efforts should be directed toward encouraging physicians to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion and educating patients to report concerning symptoms as early as possible.

Combined presence of multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors along with duodenal submucosal somatostatinoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type‑1 (NF‑1) is an autosomal dominant disorder, with increased risk of developing benign and malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the synchronous presence of multiple GIT stromal tumors and duodenal submucosal somatostatinoma, like in this 50‑year‑old female NF‑1 patient, is very rare. She presented with hematemesis, malena, along with multiple neurofibromas all over the body. Thorough radiological and peroperative work‑up revealed multiple ulcerated submucosal and serosal nodules in the proximal small intestine. Histological work‑up revealed diagnosis of a duodenal submucosal somatostatinoma with multifocal serosal gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This case is being reported to highlight the rare coincidence of multiple GIT tumors in an NF‑1 patient.

Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations based on mutation specific immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer: A preliminary study.

Background & objectives: Studies have shown that immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation specific antibodies, is an easy and cost-effective, screening method compared with molecular techniques. The purpose of present study was to assess the percentage positivity of IHC using EGFR mutation specific antibodies in lung biopsy samples from patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). Methods: Two hundred and six biopsies of primary lung ADC were subjected to EGFR mutation specific antibodies against del E746-A750 and L858R. Detection of EGFR mutation done by high resolution melting analysis (HRM) was used as gold standard. A concordance was established between molecular and IHC results. Frequency of IHC positivity was assessed. Results: Of the 206 patients, 129 were male and 77 were female patients, with a mean age of 54.1 yr. Fifty five (26.6%) patients (36 men; 19 women) showed positivity for IHC of del E746-A750 (33) and L858R (22). HRM results were available in 14 patients which showed EGFR mutations in correspondence with del E746-750 or L858R in 64.2 per cent cases. Positive cases on HRM were further confirmed by DNA sequencing and fragment analysis. Three patients showed exon20 variation. Two cases were negative for mutation. The genotype of del E746-750 mutation was more common than L858R. A concordance was established between molecular mutation and IHC in 85.7 per cent cases. Interpretation & conclusions: In this preliminary study from India mutation specific IHC was used for assessment of mutation status of EGFR. Although the number tested was small, a good concordance was observed between molecular EGFR mutation and IHC expression. IHC methodology is a potentially useful tool to guide clinicians for personalized treatment in lung ADC, especially where facilities for molecular analysis are not readily available and for use in small biopsies where material is scant for molecular tests.

Synchronous existence of granular cell tumor and small cell carcinoma of lung: An unusual entity.

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor that uncommonly occurs in the lung and tracheobronchial tree. Small cell carcinoma of lung is a centrally located malignant neoplasm that commonly occurs in elderly smokers. Concomitant existence of both the neoplasm in lung is extremely rare with only one reported case in the literature. Few rare combinations of GCT with other primary bronchogenic carcinomas have also been reported. Clinical symptoms depend upon the site and size of the tumor. Definitive diagnosis is by histopathological and proper immunohistochemical analysis. Identification of this entity is important as treatment requires individual therapy protocols that depend on the presence of metastasis, location of the tumors, and type of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Role of mitochondria in progression of cancer: a semi-quantitative study.

Mitochondria have been an area of scientific study for more than 100 years. It was in early 20th century that Otto Warburg first described differences in the mitochondria of tumors v/s normal cells. It was observed that tumor cells have increased rate of aerobic glycolysis compared with normal cells. The study was carried out in patients diagnosed as premalignant and malignant conditions which had three objectives that is to demonstrate the presence or absence of mitochondria in cytological smears, in order to perform a semi-quantitative analysis on the number of mitochondria and to identify the difference in distribution mitochondria if any. The study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of S.P.D.C., Sawangi, Wardha with consent from patients and approval from the institutional ethical committee. 20 patients each diagnosed clinically and histo-pathologically with OSCC and Premalignant conditions or lesions respectively were selected for the purpose of the study. 20 subjects who had come for routine endodontic treatment were taken as control group for the purpose of the study. It was observed that there was even distribution of mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm in smear that had been taken from normal mucosa which appeared sharply defined whereas in premalignant mitochondria were located in the perinuclear zone and 10% in the peripheral zone and in malignant conditions distribution was sparse in the perinuclear area and appeared ill-defined.

Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney: Case report and brief review of literature.

Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney is an extremely uncommon tumor. As a consequence, very little is known about its histogenesis, clinicopathologic features and prognosis. We herein describe a case of renal carcinoid with atypical features.

Congenital myopathies: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital myopathies are rare. Through this article, the authors want to present a clinicopathological analysis of 25 new cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with congenital myopathy between 2001 and 2006 was retrieved. Muscle biopsies were processed for H&E staining, enzyme histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. Biopsies were also processed for ultrastructural analysis. RESULTS: During a period of 6 years, 1.12% of the muscle biopsies were diagnosed as congenital myopathies. The most common congenital myopathy was central core disease followed by nemaline rod myopathy and multi-mini core disease. Clinically, they have variable features. The final diagnosis was made with the help of enzyme histochemistry and ultrastructural features. CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the importance of enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopic examination in the diagnosis of congenital myopathies especially in the absence of genetic studies.

Parvovirus-induced dyserythropoeisis in a child.

Most persons with parvovirus B19 infection are asymptomatic or exhibit mild, nonspecific, cold-like symptoms. However, hematologic problems associated with the infection include transient aplastic crisis, chronic red cell aplasia, mild neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. A rare hematologic manifestation is in the form of dyserythropoeisis. Herein, we present the case of a 9-year-old female with severe dyserythropoeisis associated with parvovirus infection.

Melioidosis: a review of orthopedic manifestations, clinical features, diagnosis and management.

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by gram-negative soil-dwelling bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Musculoskeletal melioidosis mimics other infections both clinically and radiologically. An extensive literature review has been performed over musculoskeletal melioidosis through various search engines such as Pubmed, Embase, Medscape, Altavista and Google. Diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion and is dependent on microbiological confirmation. Prompt treatment with long-term combination antibiotics in high dosages and surgical drainage of abscesses improves survival.

Comparative analysis of diagnostic accuracy of different brain biopsy procedures.

BACKGROUND: Image-guided procedures such as computed tomography (CT) guided, neuronavigator-guided and ultrasound-guided methods can assist neurosurgeons in localizing the intraparenchymal lesion of the brain. However, despite improvements in the imaging techniques, an accurate diagnosis of intrinsic lesion requires tissue sampling and histological verification. AIMS: The present study was carried out to examine the reliability of the diagnoses made on tumor sample obtained via different stereotactic and ultrasound-guided brain biopsy procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all brain biopsies (frame-based and frameless stereotactic and ultrasound-guided) performed in a single tertiary care neurosciences center between 1995 and 2005. The overall diagnostic accuracy achieved on histopathology and correlation with type of biopsy technique was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 130 cases were included, which consisted of 82 males and 48 females. Age ranged from 4 to 75 years (mean age 39.5 years). Twenty per cent (27 patients) were in the pediatric age group, while 12% (16 patients) were >or= 60-years of age. A definitive histological diagnosis was established in 109 cases (diagnostic yield 80.2%), which encompassed 101 neoplastic and eight nonneoplastic lesions. Frame-based, frameless stereotactic and ultrasound-guided biopsies were done in 95, 15 and 20 patients respectively. Although the numbers of cases were small there was trend for better yield with frameless image-guided stereotactic biopsy and maximum diagnostic yield was obtained i.e, 87% (13/15) in comparison to conventional frame-based CT-guided stereotactic biopsy and ultrasound-guided biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, a trend of higher diagnostic yield was seen in cases with frameless image-guided stereotactic biopsy. Thus, this small series confirms that frameless neuronavigator-guided stereotactic procedures represent the lesion sufficiently in order to make histopathologic diagnosis.

Central neurocytoma: a clinico-pathological study of eight cases.

Central neurocytomas are benign neuronal tumours generally found in the lateral or third ventricles. They are rare, comprising < 1% of all brain tumours. It is frequently confused with other tumours of the central nervous system particularly oligodendroglioma. The present study was done to analyse the histopathological features including immunohistochemical profile of these rare tumours. Eight cases were taken up for the study. Seven of the cases had an intraventricular location and one was located outside the ventricles. Increased intracranial pressure was the most common presenting symptom. Microscopically all tumours were composed of small uniform cells with perinuclear halos and regular round nuclei. The tumour in extraventricular location showed atypical features. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for neuronal markers. The present series highlights the characteristic clinical and pathological findings of this rare brain tumour. Immunostaining for neuronal markers are essential for distinguishing them from other small round cell tumours of the brain.

Pure red cell aplasia with malignant thymoma: a rarity.

Pure red cell aplasia sometimes accompanies thymoma. Herein we report a PRCA patient with malignant thymoma. Only two Indian cases of PRCA with malignant thymoma have been reported so far and six cases in the world literature, to the best of our knowledge. This paper describes a malignant thymoma in a 40 year old male who later on developed pure red cell aplasia 7 months after thymectomy.

Demyelinating disease simulating brain tumours: a histopathologic assessment of seven cases.

BACKGROUND: Demyelinating diseases can present as space occupying lesions with in the brain. It is clinically and radiologically difficult to differentiate them from primary neoplasms. Histopathologically they mimic astrocytic neoplasms closely and identifying these lesions correctly has a profound impact in treatment and prognosis of these patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine the histopathologic features of such acute focal demyelinating disease that clinically presented as brain tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven cases were included for the study. Detailed histopathological examination including stains for myelin and axon were performed. The histopathological keys in arriving at the right diagnoses included a well demarcated lesion that contains uniform distribution of foamy macrophages in the absence of any associated coagulative necrosis, sheets of gemistocytic astrocytes in the white matter that show well-formed processes, perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and total absence of myelin with relative preservation of axons within these areas. CONCLUSION: The degree of suspicion (clinical, radiological and histopathological) should be high to diagnose these group of lesions. The above-mentioned diagnostic keys should help in arriving at the correct histopathological diagnoses of such cases.

Precursor lesions of adenocarcinoma lung--two case reports.

Although precursor lesions of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma are well documented, the preinvasive lesions of pulmonary adenocarcinoma are seen very rarely. It has been hypothesized that there is a stepwise progression of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia to atypical alveolar hyperplasia and subsequently to malignancy in the pathogenesis of peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. In the present paper we would like to share our experience of two cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with their precursor lesions in the form of atypical alveolar hyperplasia.

Inflammatory pseudotumor of gall bladder fossa of liver.

Inflammatory pseudotumor has been described in the lung, liver and other sites, but pseudotumors of the gall bladder fossa have not been reported earlier. We report a 39-year-old woman with inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in the gall bladder fossa that resembled carcinoma gall bladder.