Primary Gastric Choriocarcinoma Coexisting with Adenocarcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

Choriocarcinoma is an aggressively growing and widely metastasizing tumor that originates from trophoblastic cells. A primary gastric choriocarcinoma (PGC), however, is very rare. A 76-year-old female patient visited the emergency department of Wonkwang University Hospital with abdominal discomfort and melena. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a huge ulceroinfiltrative mass lesion with blood clots on the boundary between the greater curvature side and the posterior wall side of the stomach lower body. CT showed a 3-cm exophytic mass lesion with heterogeneous enhancement, an ulcer lesion at the posterior wall side of the stomach lower body, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes at the splenic artery and left gastric artery nodal stations. She underwent a radical subtotal gastrectomy with a D2 lymph node dissection. The final diagnosis was PGC coexisting with adenocarcinoma based on the pathology results. This paper reports a rare case of primary gastric choriocarcinoma coexisting with adenocarcinoma and discusses the characteristics of this neoplasm with reference to the literature.

Primary Gastric Choriocarcinoma Coexisting with Adenocarcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

Choriocarcinoma is an aggressively growing and widely metastasizing tumor that originates from trophoblastic cells. A primary gastric choriocarcinoma (PGC), however, is very rare. A 76-year-old female patient visited the emergency department of Wonkwang University Hospital with abdominal discomfort and melena. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a huge ulceroinfiltrative mass lesion with blood clots on the boundary between the greater curvature side and the posterior wall side of the stomach lower body. CT showed a 3-cm exophytic mass lesion with heterogeneous enhancement, an ulcer lesion at the posterior wall side of the stomach lower body, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes at the splenic artery and left gastric artery nodal stations. She underwent a radical subtotal gastrectomy with a D2 lymph node dissection. The final diagnosis was PGC coexisting with adenocarcinoma based on the pathology results. This paper reports a rare case of primary gastric choriocarcinoma coexisting with adenocarcinoma and discusses the characteristics of this neoplasm with reference to the literature.

Association between genetic polymorphisms in cortactin and susceptibility to gastric cancer

PURPOSE: Overexpression of cortactin (CTTN) in human tumors has been proposed to result in increased cell migration and metastatic potential. Here, we determined the frequencies of CTTN g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T polymorphisms in apparently healthy subjects and gastric cancer patients, respectively, and the influence of the CTTN polymorphisms on gastric cancer susceptibility. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 267 patients and 533 controls. CTTN g.-8748C>T and g.-9101C>T polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; the g.72C>T polymorphism was determined using the TaqMan method. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of the CTTN g.-9101C>T polymorphism were 97.5% (TT), 2.5% (TC), and 0% (CC) in the patient group, and 98.6% (TT), 1.4% (TC), and 0% (CC) in the control group. Genotype frequencies of the CTTN g.-8748C>T polymorphism were 93.3% (TT), 6.8% (TC), and 0% (CC) in the patient group, and 94.2% (TT), 5.8% (TC), and 0% (CC) in the control group. Genotype frequencies of the CTTN g.72C>T polymorphism were 82.4% (CC), 17.2% (CT), and 0.4% (TT) in the patient group, and 78.0% (CC), 20.1% (CT), and 1.9% (TT) in the control group. Genotype and allele frequencies of the CTTN g.-9101C>T polymorphism differed significantly between the advanced gastric cancer and control groups. Patients with advanced gastric cancer, possessing the TC genotype, had a significantly poorer prognosis than the group with the TT genotype. CONCLUSION: The CTTN g.-9101C>T polymorphism might influence advanced gastric cancer susceptibility. However, the role of the CTTN g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T polymorphisms requires careful interpretation and confirmation through larger studies.

A Case of Appendiceal Perforation Caused by Fishbone

On rare occasions, ingested foreign bodies make their way into the appendix, which can cause an inflammatory reaction with or without perforation. In addition, perforation of the appendix by a foreign body is relatively rare, however, it should be considered in atypical cases of peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, or mass, and intestinal obstruction. We experienced a case of appendiceal perforation caused by a fishbone, which presented as chronic abdominal pain and intra-abdominal abscess. A 57-year-old man presented with ambiguous lower right-side abdominal pain with fever for approximately one week. Abdominal computed tomography showed a foreign body in the appendix with abscess formation. Subsequently, a laparoscopic appendectomy was performed and histopathological examination confirmed perforated appendicitis with severe inflammation secondary to a foreign body.

Chronic gastric anisakiasis provoking a bleeding gastric ulcer

Gastric anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the gastric mucosal penetration of the Anisakis larvae ingested with raw fish. Acute gastric anisakiasis is diagnosed by the endoscopic visualization of Anisakis larvae along with mucosal edema, erythema, hemorrhage, and/or an ulcer, whereas chronic anisakiasis is often observed as a localized tumor commonly occurring in the submucosal layer, and is characterized by eosinophilic granuloma with edema and embedded Anisakis larvae on pathological examination of surgical specimens. We report here a case of chronic gastric anisakiasis provoking a bleeding gastric ulcer, which is a rare clinical manifestation of this condition.

Postoperative Pain Relief Using Wound Infiltration With 0.5% Bupivacaine in Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery for an Appendectomy

PURPOSE: Recently, single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been popular for minimally invasive surgery and cosmetic improvement. However, some papers have reported that SILS for an appendectomy (SILS-A) has had the more postoperative complaints of pain. We investigated postoperative pain relief using wound infiltration with 0.5% bupivacaine in SILS-A and compared the result with that for conventional SILS-A. METHODS: Between July 2010 and September 2012, 75 patients who underwent SILS-A were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: conventional SILS-A group (C-SILS-A) or wound infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine in SILS-A group (W-SILS-A). Forty-five patients were in the C-SILS-A, and 30 patients were in the W-SILS-A. Patients with perforated appendicitis were excluded. The clinical outcomes were compared between the groups by using the verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS). RESULTS: Clinical outcomes were similar in both study groups except for the pain score. The W-SILS-A group showed significantly lower numbers of additional pain killers and lower VNRS scores 1, 6, and 12 hours after surgery than the C-SILS-A group. CONCLUSION: W-SILS-A is a technically simple and effective method of reducing early postoperative pain. It may be applicable in SILS-A for pain control system.

Application of single incision laparoscopic surgery for appendectomy in children / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: Recently, single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been popular in use with its progress studied for more minimally invasive surgery and cosmetic improvement. We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of SILS for appendectomy (SILS-A) in children and compare it with conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (C-LA). METHODS: We studied, retrospectively, adolescent patients who underwent C-LA or SILS-A. There were 25 patients in the C-LA group and 30 patients in the SILS-A group. The clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The SILS-A procedures were performed successfully in adolescent patients . There were no significant difference between the C-LA and SILS-A group with respect to demographic data and post-operative outcomes. There was one complication (4%) in the C-LA group and two complications (6.6%) in the SILS-A group, but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSION: SILS-A was technically feasible and safe in children. Considering little postoperative scar and no difference in post-operative outcomes compared to C-LA, SILA could be applicable in adolescent patients. Larger studies and further technical implements will be necessary to assess the true benefit of this approach.

Association of CTTN polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal cancer / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: Various studies searching for biomarkers to predict tumor metastasis or prognosis in both esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are currently underway. However, few data have been reported on its association with colorectal cancer (CRC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common known form of human genetic variation and may contribute to an increased susceptibility to cancer including CRC. The present study aimed to investigate whether the polymorphisms in the CTTN gene are associated with susceptibility to CRC in the Korean population. METHODS: A case-control study was performed to examine the relationship between the CTTN g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T polymorphisms and the risk of CRC. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of g.-8748C>T, g.-9101C>T and Taqman analysis of g.72C>T were performed on blood samples from 218 patients with CRC and 533 control individuals. The g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T SNPs in CTTN and their haplotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: The genotype and allele frequencies of g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T did not differ between the patient group and the control group. Further, the haplotype of CTTN g.-9101C>T, g.-8748C>T, and g.72C>T did not differ between patient group and the control group. However, the genotype and allele frequencies of CTTN g.-9101C>T were significantly increased in the lymph node positive CRC group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The CTTN g.-9101C>T polymorphism may influence lymph node positive CRC.

Retrograde Jejunojejunal Intussusception Presenting as Hematemesis

Retrograde jejunal intussusception is a rare complication following gastric surgery. Unless this complication is suspected, diagnosis is very difficult. Early diagnosis is very important in preventing avoidable morbidity and mortality. Awareness of this rare complication would help in early diagnosis and appropriate management. We present a case of an 84-year-old woman who visited the emergency department with hematemesis. Endoscopy and a computed tomography scan revealed a retrograde jejunojejunal intussusception, which was treated by surgical manual reduction.

Laparoscopic Treatment of Adult Sigmoidorectal Intussusception Caused by a Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Sigmoid Colon: A Case Report

Intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adult patients, but is common in children. In fact, it accounts for an estimated 1% of all cases of bowel obstruction in adults, although adult intussusception of the large intestine is rare. Sigmoidorectal intussusception, however, is a rare variety with few cases reported in the literature. A mucinous adenocarcinoma, a subtype of adenocarcinoma, is characterized by extracellular mucin production and accounts for between 5% and 15% of the neoplasms of the colon and rectum. Despite the general consensus supporting surgical resections for adult intussuceptions, controversy remains over whether intussuceptions should be reduced before resection. Most cases of colon intussusception should not be reduced before resection because they most likely represent a primary adenocarcinoma. However, prior reduction followed by a resection can be considered for the sigmoidorectal intussusception to avoid inadvertent low rectal cancer sugery. We experienced one case of sigmoidorectal intussusception caused by a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon in a 79-year-old woman. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a sigmoidorectal intussusception. After the end-to-end anastomosis-dilator-assisted reduction, the patient underwent a laparoscopic oncological anterior resection under the impression that a sigmoidorectal intussusception existed. We report a successful laparoscopic anterior resection in a patient with an intussusception caused by a sigmoid malignant tumor.

Application of Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery for Appendectomies in Patients with Complicated Appendicitis

PURPOSE: Recently, single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been studied for its being less invasive surgery and having cosmetic improvement. We investigated the application of SILS for an appendectomy (SILS-A) in cases of complicated appendicitis and compare it with a conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (C-LA). METHODS: This study involved a total of 40 patients who underwent C-LA or SILS-A in patients with complicated appendicitis; 25 patients received a C-LA, and the other 15 patients received a SILS-A. The clinical outcomes and cosmetic results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The SILS-A procedures were performed successfully in patients with complicated appendicitis, but 6 patients who underwent SILS-A needed an additional port for dissection and drainage. Clinical outcomes and postoperative complications were similar in both study groups. The SILS-A group showed significantly higher numbers of pain control than the C-LA group, and the one port SLLS-A group showed significantly better cosmetic result than the C-LA group. CONCLUSION: SILS-A is technically feasible and safe in patients with complicated appendicitis. However, SILS-A has more postoperative pain than C-LA, and more active pain control should be considered for patients undergoing SILS-A.

A Case of Asymptomatic Appendiceal Intussusception by Mucinous Cystadenoma / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Appendiceal intussusception has rarely been reported, and this has an incidence of 0.01% when performing appendectomy. It develops due to anatomical or pathological conditions such as polyps, worms, carcinomas, mucoceles or fecaliths. Patients with appendiceal intussusception present with various clinical symptoms from no symptoms to acute or chronic lower abdominal pain like that in appendicitis. Yet making the accurate preoperative diagnosis is sometimes difficult. Advanced colonoscopy has recently made it possible to arrive at the preoperative diagnosis and colonoscopy provides the optimal management of appendiceal intussusceptions that show various clinical symptoms. We report here on a 62-year-old woman who has no clinical symptoms of appendiceal intussusception, and the patient was preoperatively diagnosed by colonoscopy and managed with laparoscopic partial cecectomy. The final diagnosis was mucinous cystadenoma-induced appendiceal intussusception.

Association of RNase3 Polymorphisms with the Susceptibility of Gastric Cancer

PURPOSE: RNase3 is a secretory ribonuclease, which is found in the eosinophilic leukocyte and involved in the innate immune system. Its cytotoxic activity is effective against a wide range of pathogens. We performed a case-control study to examine the relationship between RNase3 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of gastric cancer in Korean people. METHODS: Blood sampling of stomach cancer and healthy persons groups were performed, Taqman in g.-550A>G, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in g.371C>G, and high-resolution melt in g.499C>G were analyzed. The three single nucleotide polymorphisms g.-550A>G, g.371C>G, and g.499C>G in RNase3 and their haplotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: The genotype and allele frequencies of RNase3 g.-550A>G and g.371C>G were not significantly increased in susceptibility of gastric cancer than control group. But, RNase3 CC genotype was associated with a significantly increased susceptibility of gastric cancer than control group (P=0.002). Also, RNase3 CC genotype was more specifically associated with a significantly increased susceptibility of middle and lower gastric cancer than upper gastric cancer (P=0.002). In haplotype of RNase3 SNP g.-550A, g.371G, and g.499C, there was significantly susceptibility of gastric cancer (P=0.004), and more specific influence on middle and lower gastric cancer than upper gastric cancer (P=0.006 vs 0.054). CONCLUSION: RNase3 g.499C>G polymorphism may influence gastric cancers, and have a more specific influence on middle and lower gastric cancer rather than upper gastric cancer. But RNase3 g.-550A>G, g.371C>G polymorphisms need careful interpretation and confirmation in more larger studies.

Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Acute Invasive Enteric Anisakiasis / 대한소화기학회지

Anisakiasis usually occurs in the stomach and can easily be diagnosed by digestive tract endoscopy as opposed to enteric anisakiasis which is very rare and difficult to be diagnosed definitively. The most important and useful tool in diagnosing enteric anisakiasis is obtaining an accurate patient history of having eaten raw fish before the onset of symptoms. We report a case of small bowel obstruction caused by acute invasive enteric anisakiasis. A 60-year-old woman visited the emergency room suffering from sudden abdominal pain. She had eaten raw fish 1 day before the onset of symptom. Radiologic studies showed small bowel obstruction. However, no definitive cause could be found. An emergency laparotomy revealed edematous and dilated proximal jejunum and a focal stenosis of the distal jejunum. Segmental resection of the jejunum was performed, and histopathological examination revealed enteric anisakiasis. The patient was discharged on the 7th day after surgery following an uneventful course of recovery.

Association of RNase3 Polymorphisms with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE: RNase3 is a secretory ribonuclease found in eosinophilic leukocytes and is involved in the innate immune system. Its cytotoxic activity is effective against a wide range of pathogens. Generally, high levels of RNase3 have been reported in cases of active asthma and allergic diseases. However, a relationship between RNase3 and colon cancer has not yet been reported. We performed a case-control study to examine the relationship between RNase3 polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer in Korean people. METHODS: Blood sampling of each group was performed, TaqMan in g.-550A>G, PCR-RFLP in g.371C>G, and high resolution melting (HRM) in g.499C>G were analyzed. As results, the three SNPs, g.-550A>G, g.371C>G, and g.499C>G, in RNase3 and their haplotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: The genotype and the allele frequencies of RNase3 g.-550A>G and g.371C>G were not significantly associated with increased risk for colon cancer compared to the control group, but the RNase3 g.499C>C genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for colorectal cancer compared to the control group (P=0.001). Also, the RNase3 g.499C>C genotype was more specifically associated with a significantly increased risk for right colon cancer than left colon cancer (PG polymorphism may have an influence on colorectal cancers and may have a more specific influence on right colon cancer than left colon cancer and on rectal cancer. However, the significance of the RNase3 g.-550A>G and g.371C>G polymorphisms need careful interpretation and require confirmation in larger studies.

Metastatic Small Bowel Perforation Caused by Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in a Patient with Combined Hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

Advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapies for malignant tumors have resulted in the identifications of various novel features of intestinal metastasis. The common causes of small bowel metastasis are malignant melanoma and lung cancer, and this has also been rarely reported to uterine cervical cancer, malignant lymphoma of the larynx, malignant lymphoma of soft palate, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Combined HCC-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy, and is composed of cells with the histopathological features of both HCC and CC, but metastatic small bowel perforation by CC in a patient with combined HCC-CC has not been reported previously. The authors describe the case of a 51-year-old man with a metastatic small bowel perforation caused by an intrahepatic CC in combined HCC-CC with a review of the literature.

Laparoscopic Management of Appendiceal Intussusception Caused by Fecaliths

Appendiceal intussusception is a rare condition of abdominal pain. It develops as a result of various anatomic or pathologic conditions, such as polyps, worms, carcinomas, mucoceles, or fecaliths. Furthermore, an accurate preoperative diagnosis of appendiceal intussusception may be difficult. However, recently developed radiologic modalities, such as multidetector CT and laparoscopy, can considerably aid preoperative diagnosis and provide a means of adopting optimal minimally invasive surgery. Here, the authors describe the case of a 30-yr-old woman with the clinical features of acute appendicitis, who was preoperatively diagnosed as having appendiceal intussusception with fecaliths and who was managed by using a laparoscopic partial cecectomy.

Multivariate Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Complications and Mortality after and Emergency Operation for Obstructive, Perforated Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE: Despite increased effort for the detection of early colorectal cancer, advanced disease presenting as obstruction or perforation still accounts for 8 to 29% and 3-8% of all colorectal cancers, respectively. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, the surgical methods, the complications, and the risk factors of obstructive or perforated colorectal cancer that may influence the outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in 60 patients with colorectal cancer, who underwent surgery due to obstruction or perforation from March 2000 to December 2005. The colorectal cancers were considered to be complicated when clinical signs of peritonitis were observed, the radiologic characteristics of the tumor did not permit preoperative mechanical bowel preparation, or perforation existed, when these observations were confirmed by operative findings. The following data were analyzed: clinical characteristics, surgical methods, complications, and risk factors. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (55%) had obstruction, and 27 patients (45%) had perforation. Overall, major complications occurred in 33.3% and 48.5%, respectively. The mortality rates were 6.1% and 14.8%, respectively. Risk factors for major complication were age, perforation, and transfusion whereas those for mortality were perforation and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class. CONCLUSION: The risk factors of complication were old age, transfusion, and perforation and those for mortality was perforation and ASA class. Earlier diagnosis and prompt, intensive, careful management should be attempted in these high-risk patients.

A Case of Successful Laparoscopic Management on Appendiceal Bleeding Diagnosed by Colonoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Appendiceal causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding are rare, and identification of the bleeding site is critical. Identification of the bleeding site can be difficult. The differential diagnosis of bleeding in the appendix includes diverticulum, appendicitis, angiodysplasia, Crohn's disease, and appendiceal intussusception, which leads to mucosal erosion and vascular exposure by underlying inflammation. Laparoscopic surgery is commonly performed as a therapeutic procedure for the appendix, also can be a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhaging from the appendix. Appendiceal bleeding is rare, and laparoscopic management cases are not widely reported. Herein, we report a case of successful laparoscopic management of appendiceal bleeding diagnosed by colonoscopy with a review of the literature.

A Case-control Study on the Relationship between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T, A1298C and G1793A Polymorphism and the Risk of Stomach Cancer

PURPOSE: The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) play a central role in converting folate to methyl donor for DNA methylation. Genetic variation in folate metabolism are believed to contribute to the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colon, esophageal and stomach cancer, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Generally, low folate level is known that it is associated with gastrointestinal neoplasm. Three common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) resulting in amino-acid changes (C677T/Ala222Val, A1298C/Glu428Ala and G1793A/Arg594Glu) has been described in MTHFR. We studied the relation of MTHFR C677T, A1298C and G1793A polymorphisms derived from stomach cancers and a control group in Korean people. METHODS: We performed a case-control study to examine the relationship between MTHFR C677, A1298C and G1793A polymorphism and the risk of stomach cancer. 124 individuals with stomach cancer and 288 healthy persons were analyzed. Blood sampling of each groups were performed, PCR-RFLP analyzed, as a results, MTHFR polymorphism genotypes of 677C/C, 677C/T, 677T/T, 1298AA, 1298AC, 1298CC, 1793GG, 1793GA and 1793AA were obtained. RESULTS: The genotype frequency of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were 23.4% (CC), 51.6% (CT), 25.0% (TT), 76.6% (CT+TT) in case patients and 39.2% (CC), 36.8% (CT), 24.0% (TT), 60.8% (CT+TT) in control groups. The genotype frequency of MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms were 38.7% (AA), 54.0% (AC), 7.3% (CC), 61.3% (AC+CC) in case patients and 55.6% (AA), 40.3% (AC), 4.2% (CC), 44.4% (AC+CC) in control groups. The genotype frequency of MTHFR G1793A polymorphisms were 82.3% (GG), 16.9% (GA), 0.8% (AA), 17.7% (GA+AA) in case patients and 85.8% (GG), 11.8% (GA), 2.4% (AA), 14.2% (GA+AA) in control groups. 677TT and 677CT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for gastric cancer (adjusted OR=2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.16~3.95 in TT, adjusted OR=2.49, 95% CI 1.47~4.20 in CT) than the 677CC genotype, and 1298CC and 1298 AC genotype also was associated with a significantly increased risk for stomach cancer (adjusted OR=2.87, 95% CI 1.10~|7.49 in CC, adjusted OR= 2.07, 95% CI 1.31~3.26 in AC). But 1793AA and 1793GA genotypes were not association with a significantly increased risk for stomach cancer (adjusted OR=0.29, 95% CI 0.03~|2.47 in AA, adjusted OR=1.55, 95% CI 0.84~2.86 in GA) CONCLUSION: MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphism may influence stomach cancer, but MTHFR G1793A polymorphism need careful interpretation and confirmation in larger studies.