Korean Medication Algorithm for Bipolar Disorder 2014: Safety and Tolerability / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: The complexity of the treatment for bipolar disorder is often caused by the presence of side effects of various psychiatric medications. In particular, weight gain and metabolic syndrome are currently major concerns in the medication for bipolar disorders. Therefore, we undertook a survey of expert opinion to help make clinical decisions in these special situations. METHODS: A written survey which asked about treatment strategies in the safety and tolerability was prepared; 1) weight gain, 2) antipsychotic related hyperprolactinemia, 3) lamotrigine related skin rash, 4) treatment non-adherence, and 5) genetic counselling. Treatment options were scored using a 9-point scale for rating appropriateness of clinical decisions in some issues. In other issues, experts were asked to choose to determine the ranking of preferences on the list. Sixty-four experts of the review committee completed the survey. We classified the expert opinions about preferences by chi2 test. RESULTS: Experts preferred behavioral and diet modification for weight gain, switching to prolactin-sparing-antipsychotics for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia, reducing dose of lamotrigene for its related benign skin rash, and prescribing once a day for treatment adherence. CONCLUSION: With the limitation of expert opinion, authors hope that the results of this study provide valuable information to make clinical decision about the treatment of bipolar disorder in the complicated situations.

Screening of Bipolar Disorders in High School Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders among Korean high school students (individuals in late adolescence) using the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ). METHODS: Two thousand male and female participants were proportionately selected from among high school students nationwide. From November 2007 through February 2008, we conducted an epidemiological survey of, and administered the K-MDQ to, these participants, assessed their psychometric properties, and compared characteristics between K-MDQ-positive and K-MDQ-negative participants. RESULTS: The K-MDQ's internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.74. The item-total score correlations ranged from 0.35 to 0.57, and all were statistically significant (p<.001). Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed 3 factors that explained 42.6% of total variance. We found the cutoff endorsement of the K-MDQ score (7 or more in criteria 1) in 1207 students (60.4%) and found 104 (5.2%) subjects were K-MDQ-positive, meeting all 3 K-MDQ criteria. The mean K-MDQ total score was 7.2+/-2.9 and total scores of K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives were 9.9+/-1.7 and 7.0+/-2.9, respectively. K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives showed no differences in the sociodemographic variables we assessed. Endorsement of items in total subject ranged from 15.7% to 77.7%. All items except item 8 (more energy) differed significantly in endorsement between K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives. Items accounting for over 30% of the endorsement differences between K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives were"feel so good," "so irritable," and"excessive, foolish, risky behavior." CONCLUSION: The K-MDQ was a relatively valid screening tool for Korean high school students. Per the result of the K-MDQ survey, suspected lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders for those in late adolescence (high school students) seems to be 5.2%, suggesting that systemic screening for bipolar spectrum disorder should be required for this age group.

Korean Medication Algorithm for Bipolar Disorder 2006(VI): Comparisons with Other Treatment Guidelines / 대한정신약물학회지

The Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) was developed in 2002 and revised in 2006. The aim of this study was to compare the KMAP-BP 2006 with other recently published treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder. We conducted a systematic review of the six most recently published guidelines and treatment algorithms for bipolar disorder to compare the similarities and differences between these guidelines and the KMAPBP 2006. Most treatment guidelines had similarities in their treatment options. The guidelines generally advocated atypical antipsychotics as first-line treatment in the manic phase and lamotrigine in the depressive phase. While lithium and divalproex were commonly used as mood stabilizers in the manic phase, divalproex was recommended in mixed or dysphoric mania. Mood stabilizers or atypical antipsychotics were selected as first-line treatment in maintenance. Some guidelines were more concerned about special clinical situations such as pregnancy, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and elderly patients, which were not described in the KMAP-BP 2006. Our findings suggest that the medication strategies for bipolar disorder are based on data from recent studies and clinical experiences. Useful information and a rationale for making sequential treatment decisions can be provided by critically reviewing the treatment guidelines. The treatment algorithms and guidelines are not substitutes for clinical judgment, but can serve as critical references to complement individual clinical assessments.

Korean Medication Algorithm for Bipolar Disorder 2006(V): Maintenance Therapy / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: Since the previous publication of Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) in 2002, there has been a substantial need for the revision of treatment algorithm due to rapid progress in the management for bipolar disorder. We focused on the maintenance treatment of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders of KMAP-BP revised in 2006. METHOD: The questionnaire to survey the expert opinion of medication for bipolar disorder was completed by the review committee consisting of 70 experienced psychiatrists. It was composed of 37 questions, and each question includes various sub-items. We classified the expert opinion to 3 categories (the first-line treatment, the second-line, the third-line) by x2 test. A part of this revision regarding maintenance treatment had 6 items ; 2 on bipolar I and 4 on bipolar II disorder. RESULTS: There was no 'treatment of choice' in maintenance treatment. In case of bipolar I mania without history of depression, mood stabilizer (MS) monotherapy was 1st-line treatment. In maintenance management for bipolar II disorder, two treatment options were recommended. Treatment with MS alone or combinations of MS and atypical antipsychotics were preferred in recently recovered patients from hypomania. Atypical antipsychotics were more favored in the maintenance treatment for bipolar I and II disorders than previous KMAP-BP. CONCLUSIONS: There is no 'treatment of choice' in maintenance strategies for bipolar disorder. Atypical antipsychotics are more preferred than the previous KMAP-BP. Also there is an increasing interest on the maintenance use of lamotrigine in bipolar depression.

The Outcome of Corpus Callosotomy for Intractable Epilepsy: 10 Years Experience of Corpus Callosotomy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the corpus callosotomy and to elucidate possible prognostic factors. METHODS: The cases of 39 patients who underwent corpus callosotomy were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using Engel's classification, with consideration of various presurgical conditions and the extent of the callosal resection during follow-up more than one year. RESULTS: Satisfactory outcome (Engel's class I, II) was obtained in 20 patients (51%) of 39 patients. In 36 cases with drop attack seizures, the class I, II outcomes were 22 patients (61%). When the patients were grouped according to the extent of callosal resection, the class I, II outcomes were 50% of the patients with anterior 1/2 or 2/3, 50% of those with anterior 4/5 callosotomy, and 57% of those with total callosotomy, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 34 months (24 to 58 months). CONCLUSION: Although it is not statistically significant, the patients who had underwent total callosotomy show better outcomes than those with partial callosotomy. Corpus callosotomy is efficacious in controlling medically intractable epilepsy in appropriately selected patients.