Development and Effectiveness of Emotional Intelligence Promotion Program for Schizophrenia / 정신간호학회지

Purpose@#The emotional problem of schizophrenia is an important factor that directly affects interpersonal relations and social behavior and can put them at risk of worsening symptoms and recurrence. This study attempted to develop an emotional intelligence promotion program for schizophrenia and verify its effectiveness based on Moon's emotional intelligence component and Leventhal and Cameron's self-regulation model. @*Methods@#The design of this study is the experimental design before and after the non-equivalence control group. The participants were 32 patients with schizophrenia (experimental group:16, control group:16). There were 16 schizophrenias in the experimental group and 16 schizophrenia in the control group. The emotional intelligence promotion program was conducted in 12 session for 6 weeks. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS/WIN by using descriptive statistics, normality test, x2-test, Fisher's Exact test, paired t-test, Repeated measure ANOVA and Independent t-test. @*Results@#There were statistically significant differences in emotional intelligence, interpersonal relations, and social behavior between the experimental group and the control group. @*Conclusion@#Since the program developed in this study has been tested to improve emotional intelligence, interpersonal relations, and social behavior of schizophrenia, it is expected to be widely used in clinical and community practice.

The development and effects of an emotional competency promotion program for nursing students: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design / 한국간호교육학회지

Purpose@#The objectives of this research are to verify the development and effectiveness of a nursing student emotional competency promotion program that is important in professional nursing strategies for strengthening the psychological well-being of patients. @*Methods@#This research was done by developing an emotional competency promotion program for nursing students according to the analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation (ADDIE) model. Apply the program to students and evaluate their effects on their self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and self-efficacy using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this research were 48 nursing students enrolled in the department of nursing of D College; 24 students were placed in the experimental group and 24 students were in the control group. The experimental group participated in the developed program from December 18, 2017 to January 12, 2018, for a total of 8 sessions. Each session was 120 minutes long. For data collection, a pretest, posttest 1 and 2 were performed using an independent t-test and repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 22.0. @*Results@#The experimental group who participated in the emotional competency promotion program showed higher self awareness (F=5.65, p=.005), self management (F=11.12, p<.001), social awareness (F=5.02, p=.009), relationship management (F=11.22, p<.001) and self-efficacy (F=14.24, p<.001) than the control group. These results were supported by a statistically meaningful difference in the time period and the interaction between the time period and the two groups. @*Conclusion@#The study’s findings indicate that the emotional competency promotion program developed through this study is effective at increasing the self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and self-efficacy of nursing students.

Psychosocial Support during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea: Activities of Multidisciplinary Mental Health Professionals

As of April 18, 2020, there have been a total of 10,653 confirmed cases and 232 deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. The pathogen spread quickly, and the outbreak caused nationwide anxiety and shock. This study presented the anecdotal records that provided a detailed process of the multidisciplinary teamwork in mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak in the country. Psychosocial support is no less important than infection control during an epidemic, and collaboration and networking are at the core of disaster management. Thus, a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals was immediately established and has collaborated effectively with its internal and external stakeholders for psychosocial support during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Educational Needs of Communication among Nursing Students / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore educational needs of communication, focusing on how nursing students evaluate their current communication skills and what students think is most crucial in communication competency. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study collected data from 276 nursing students at multiple universities from September to November 2016. Main analyses included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA with SPSS/WIN and R 3.2.3, as well as importance-performance analysis by Martilla and James. RESULTS: There was a difference in the perceived importance of communication depending on field experience. Students who reported excellent communication skills compared to their peers had higher perceived communication importance than those who reported similar or inferior skills. The perceived need for dominant communication of goal setting skills was the highest. After confirming the list of priorities for Borich's needs assessment, the education need for goal setting skills was the highest with 1.79. CONCLUSION: Our study findings emphasize that the highest need for education of nursing students was the dominant communication of goal setting skills. This is needed to develop an education program that can strengthen goal setting communication for nursing students with a special focus on dominant communication.

Effects of a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Management Program on Firefighters' Post-traumatic Stress and Depression / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a post-traumatic stress disorder management program in reducing firefighters' post-traumatic stress and depression. METHODS: This study employed a nonequivalent control group design using pretest and posttest measurements. Sampling was conducted with a convenient method. 44 firefighters (experimental group=22, control group=22) who were at high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were selected from 1,337 firefighters working in fire stations in multiple sites. Data were collected between August and October 2016. The post-traumatic stress disorder management program was provided to the experimental group for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-squared and independent t-tests. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significantly decreased scores for PTSD (t=−3.34, p=.002) and depression (t=−2.09, p=.043). CONCLUSION: Our study findings show that firefighters' PTSD and depression can be systematically managed. Clinical practice should strengthen the ability to cope with PTSD by relieving the psychological trauma of firefighters who experience repeated traumatic events.

Mediating Effects of Self Efficacy and Self-Control in Nursing Students' Smartphone Addiction / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate the factor of smartphone addiction based on Agnew's general strain theory and examine the mediating effects of self efficacy and self-control in the identified model of the nursing students. METHODS: Study participants were 292 nursing students recruited from 3 universities. Self-reported data were collected in September 2015 from structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Self efficacy and self-control have a direct effect on smartphone addiction in the nursing students. The relationship between depression and smartphone addiction was fully mediated by self efficacy and self-control. However, the relationships of smartphone addiction shares with college adaptation and stress were partially mediated by depression, self efficacy, and self-control. CONCLUSION: Our study findings may be used as baseline information to develop preventive intervention programs for nursing students. Nursing educators and clinicians should encourage students' self-control, improve self efficacy when dealing with those with smartphone addiction, emphasize adaptation to college, and help manage stress and depression.

Development and Evaluation of Group Counseling Program using Neurolinguistic Programming for Alcoholics / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a group counseling program using neurolinguistic programming (NLP) for individuals abusing alcohol. METHODS: In a quasi-experimental study, 48 participants were recruited from five alcohol medical centers. The NLP group counseling program was provided to the experimental group for 90 minute sessions twice a week for 5 weeks. Pre-post data were collected from November, 2014 to April, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and independent t-tests. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significantly decreasing scores for depression (t=−2.19, p=.033) and alcohol craving (t=−3.59, p=.001). Participants in the experimental group also showed improved self-efficacy related to drinking refusal (t=3.05, p=.004). CONCLUSION: Study findings support using the NLP group counseling program with patients abusing alcohol as it is effective in improving depression, drinking refusal self-efficacy, and craving. Therefore, the NLP group counseling program is a useful nursing intervention to prevent relapse in alcoholics.

Influence of Mental Health Nurses' Moral Distress and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate moral distress, job satisfaction and turnover intention of mental health nurses, and identified influencing factors on mental health nurses' turnover intention. METHODS: A descriptive survey was conducted with 85 mental health nurses working in mental medicine department closed wards of 5 hospitals in Busan Metropolitan City and Gyeongsangnam Province. Data were collected from December 1, 2015 to January 31, 2016 and analyzed using percentage, frequency analysis, average, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis, with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: 1) Moral distress had a statistically significant positive relationship with turnover intention (r=.24, p=.023). Job satisfaction had a statistically significant negative relationship with turnover intention (r=−.45, p<.001). 2) Moral distress had a positive effect on turnover intention (β=.23, p=.018), and job satisfaction, a negative effect on turnover invention (β=−.44, p<.001). These variables explained 24.0% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that moral distress and job satisfaction are important variables influencing turnover intention in mental health nurses. Development and provision of intervention programs to reduce moral distress and increase job satisfaction will help to decrease nurses' turnover intention.

Posttraumatic Growth and Related Factors in Firefighters / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate the posttraumatic growth, a positive mental and psychological change and related factors experienced by firefighters, in order to prevent PTSD and to for use as basic data for mental health promotion. METHODS: This study was a descriptive research study with 186 firefighters working in two fire stations in Busan Metropolitan City. It was conducted from August 1 to 31, 2015. There were 5 research tools in the structured survey, including IES-R-K, Resilience Scale, FACES-III, OCQ, and K-PTGI. Collected data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: The related factors affecting posttraumatic growth in firefighers were family cohesion (β=.15, p=.044), organizational commitment (β=.61, p<.001), gender (β=.16, p=.023) and amount of work experience in the current field (β=.28, p=.001). The explanatory power of these factors for posttraumatic growth was 43.1%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a need to develop and distribute intervention programs that focus on strengthening the resilience of individuals, organizational commitment and family cohesion to promote post-traumatic growth, instead of focusing on crisis intervention and follow-up programs after traumatic experiences.

Application and Developmental Strategies for Community-Based Injury Prevention Programs of the International Safe Communities Movement in Korea

PURPOSE: Safety of humans is an important factor that affects health overall, and injuries are one of the major public-health problems in the world. The purposes of this study were to describe the International safe Community movement which contributes to the injury prevention and safety promotion all over the world, and to identify out the application and developmental strategies for Korea. METHODS: A review was done of previous research, reviews, and reports on the history, concepts, basic principles, and recommendations for actions of the Safe Community. RESULTS: For this study, the application strategies of the International Safe Community movement in Korea were examined to deduce the strengths of the safe Community program. Community-based injury prevention work according to the International Safe Community model is a successful and cost-effective way of reducing injuries in the community. CONCLUSION: Through the International Safe Community program, communities are able to realize a healthy community and achieve improved quality of lives for the people, which is the ultimate objective of the Safe Community model. In addition, it will contribute to the economic vitalization and gain through energy and enhancement of productivity of people.

Effects of Community-based Comprehensive Fall Prevention Program on Muscle Strength, Postural Balance and Fall Efficacy in Elderly People

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study was to develop a comprehensive community-based fall prevention program and to test the effects of the program on the muscle strength, postural balance and fall efficacy for elderly people. METHODS: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. There were 28 participants in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The program consisted of balance exercises, elastic resistance exercises and prevention education. The program was provided five times a week for 8 weeks and each session lasted 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using chi2-test, independent t-test and paired t-test using the SPSS program. RESULTS: Muscle strength of the lower extremities, postural balance and fall efficacy scores significantly improved in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that this program can improve lower extremity muscle strength, postural balance and fall efficacy in elders. Therefore, this program is recommended for use in fall prevention programs for elders living in the community.

Efficient Suicide Prevention Intervention: Meta-Analysis / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suicide ideation effects of suicide prevention program. METHODS: Using several databases, studies were collected from March, 2012 to August, 2012. For the purpose of a systematic literature review, in this study analysis was done of pretested-posttested research among non-randomized studies utilizing suicide prevention program, and having set the intervention as the independent variable suicidal idea as a dependent variable. RESULTS: The result of interventions on suicide prevention showed a moderate effect at -0.72 (96% CI: -0.96, 0.48). For intervention types, reality therapy was most effective overall, while the life cycle was found to be most effective for young people (d=-1.57, 95% CI: -2.70, -0.43). The periods for the intervention on suicide prevention was shown to be most effective when it was repeated over 20 times (d=-1.55, 95% CI:-2.75, -0.35), and also it worked better for the risk group than a general group (d=-0.89, 95% CI: -1.26, 0.52). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support basic data for interventions to prevent future suicide and the need for further development of prevention programs.

Development and Application of a Web-based Expert System using Artificial Intelligence for Management of Mental Health by Korean Emigrants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this project was to develop an international web-based expert system using principals of artificial intelligence and user-centered design for management of mental health by Korean emigrants. Using this system, anyone can access the system via computer access to the web. METHODS: Our design process utilized principles of user-centered design with 4 phases: needs assessment, analysis, design/development/testing, and application release. A survey was done with 3,235 Korean emigrants. Focus group interviews were also conducted. Survey and analysis results guided the design of the web-based expert system. RESULTS: With this system, anyone can check their mental health status by themselves using a personal computer. The system analyzes facts based on answers to automated questions, and suggests solutions accordingly. A history tracking mechanism enables monitoring and future analysis. In addition, this system will include intervention programs to promote mental health status. CONCLUSION: This system is interactive and accessible to anyone in the world. It is expected that this management system will contribute to Korean emigrants' mental health promotion and allow researchers and professionals to share information on mental health.

The Adjusting Process of Foreign Wives Married to Korean Husbands / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: Purposes of this study were to explore the experiences of Filipinas living as foreign wives in Korea and to formulate a substantive theory that explains the basic social process of adjusting to life as a foreign wife in Korea. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study utilized the grounded theory design. In-depth, semi-structured, audio-taped interviews were conducted with 10 Filipino immigrant wives in Korea. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's constant comparative analysis. RESULTS: Six main categories emerged: aspiring, confronting, suffering, coping, assimilating, and regretting. Fundamental to these was the core category of embracing a new life. A theoretical model showing the basic social processes of adjusting to life as a foreign wife in Korea was developed to reflect the inter-relationships among these categories. Extracts of the data were presented to illustrate the grounding of the theoretical model in the participants' accounts. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide an increase in the understanding of Filipino immigrant wives, which should help in designing effective coping strategies that consider the particular characteristics and problems of Filipino immigrant wives. Programs under existing policies need to undergo continuous improvement in order to increase the well-being of these immigrant wives.

Effects of a Self-discovery Program for Ego resilience, Self-esteem, Stress and Depression in Elementary School Students / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of a Self-discovery Program for elementary school students. The study consisted of two phases: Developing the program and evaluating its effectiveness. METHODS: Forty six students who were in elementary school in B city participated in a survey, which was carried out from May 25 to July 15, 2010. To test the effects of the Self-discovery Program, the participants were divided into two groups, an experimental group (n=23) and a control group (n=23). The research design used in this study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest research design. Data were analyzed by using chi2-test, t-test and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in scores for self-esteem (t=2.60, p=.006), stress (F=18.65, p<.001) and depression (F=23.88, p<.001) between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that Self-discovery Program should be used with children to help them and to improve their mental health.

Construction of a Post-traumatic Stress Model for Fire Fighters / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine a hypothetical model designed to explain the influence of length of work experience, frequency of mobilization, traumatic events, and depression on post-traumatic stress (PTS) in Korean fire fighters. METHODS: In this study 2,181 fire fighters were surveyed and data collection was conducted from September 7 to September 30, 2009 using an structured questionnaire. SPSS and AMOS programs were used for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and path analysis. RESULTS: Frequency of mobilization, traumatic events, and depression showed direct effects on PTS for fire fighters, while length of work experience showed an indirect effect on PTS for fire fighters. The variables of this modified model explained 47.9% of the variance in PTS. CONCLUSION: Through this study the hypothetical model adequately explained PTS in fire fighters. Fire fighter's PTS can be decreased by managing long-term work experience, frequency of mobilization, traumatic events, and depression. Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to develop a Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) program for PTS.

Factors Influencing Depression in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: Objectives of this study were to identify factors influencing depression in patients with chronic renal failure according to patient characteristics and to provide basic data to develop nursing interventions for depression in these patients. METHODS: This descriptive correlative study was conducted using structured questionnaires with 114 patients diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: 1) Level of depression was different according to the history of smoking (p<.001), past health history (p=.001), only drugs as therapy, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis (p=.028), and perceived health status (p<.001); 2) Significant correlations were found between depression, stress, value of life and social support; 3) multiple regression analysis showed that stress (beta=.24, t=3.41, p=.001), value of life (beta=-.46, t=-6.37, p<.001) and social support (beta=-.19, t=-2.79, p=.006) in that order contributed to depression and explained 56.4% of variance in depression. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study indicate that health professionals should provide proper management for depression for patients with chronic renal failure, as well as factors influencing depression, including stress, value of life and social support. There is also a need to implement stress management and self-help group programs for these patients.

Embracing New Lives as Korean Immigrants in Canada: A Grounded Theory / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: Many Koreans go abroad for work, study or permanent migration. As they adapt to their new environment, they can suffer from various health problems. This article aims to gain a greater understanding of the experiences of Korean immigrants in Canada. This study reports the findings of a grounded theory study. METHODS: In-depth unstructured interviews were conducted with 18 Korean immigrants in Vancouver. Data was audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using constant comparative analysis. RESULTS: Six main categories emerged: motivation, confronting, suffering, efforts to adapt, assimilation, and conflict. A basic social process model of adaptation to life in Canada was developed reflecting the inter-relationships between these categories. Data extracts was presented to illustrate the grounding of the model in participants accounts. CONCLUSION: Immigrants need empathetic support and cultural understanding; this study increases the understanding of the Korean immigrant population, which should help in the design of effective coping strategies that consider the particular characteristics and problems of immigrants.

A Structural Equation Model on Mental Health of Korean Immigrants in Canada

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to construct a structural equation model that would further explain the mental health status of Korean immigrants living in Canada. METHODS: Survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted with 386 people in Canada (Vancouver and Toronto). Six instruments were used in this model. The analysis of data was done with both SPSS 14.0 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 5.0 for covariance structure analysis. RESULTS: Based on the constructed model, physical health status, immigrant life stress, self esteem, and quality of life were found to have significant direct effect on mental health. In addition, factors such as physical health status, immigrant life stress, quality of life, English proficiency, family cohesion and social support were found to indirectly affect mental health. The final modified model yielded Chi-square=34.79 (p<.001), df=13, Chi-square/df=2.68, GFI=0.98, AGFI=0.94, NFI=0.95, PNFI=0.44, PGFI=0.35, RMSE=0.07 and exhibited good fit indices. CONCLUSION: This structural equation model is a comprehensive theoretical model that explains the related factors and their relationship with mental health in Korean immigrants. Findings of this study can contribute to the designing of an appropriate prevention strategy to further improve the mental health of immigrants in Canada.

Depression and the Influencing Factors in Korean American Immigrants / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of depression in Korean American immigrants according to their characteristics. METHODS: This descriptive correlation study conducted visit-surveys with organized questionnaires and sampled 330 Korean American immigrants living in Houston, Seattle and New York areas. SCL-90 was used to measure the degree of depression. Data was analyzed by t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 14.0. RESULTS: Findings revealed that; 1) the degree of depression in Korean American immigrants according to their characteristics were significantly different in age, occupation, immigration life satisfaction, and health status; 2) Pearson's correlation revealed a significant association among depression, immigrant life stress, self esteem, and quality of life; 3) multi regression analysis showed immigrant life stress, self esteem, and quality of life significantly influenced depression in Korean American immigrants. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, health professionals should provide proper management of depression as well as its influencing factors, namely, immigrant life stress, self esteem, and quality of life especially for new immigrant populations.