Laparoscopic Partial Adrenalectomy: Surgical Technique and Outcome

PURPOSE: To examine the perioperative surgical and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy (LPA) by comparing the results of laparoscopic total adrenalectomy (LTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 132 transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed for adrenal gland tumor between May 2006 and April 2019. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. Seventy patients underwent LTAs and 54 underwent LPAs. The data were collected retrospectively through review of the medical charts. We compared the perioperative and long-term outcomes between the 2 surgical methods. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients, including 4 patients with bilateral tumors, underwent LTA. In contrast, 54 patients, including 4 patients with bilateral masses, underwent LPA. There were no differences between the 2 groups with regard to mean age at presentation, mean tumor size, or postoperative stay. However, the mean operating time was significantly shorter in the LPA group than that of the LTA group. The mean estimated blood loss in the LPA group was significantly higher than that in the LTA group. However, none of the LPA patients required blood transfusion. The biochemical markers and laboratory values normalized postoperatively in all patients with functional adrenal tumors. There was no local recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that the surgical outcomes and perioperative complications in LPA group are similar to those of LTA. When LPA is performed for small adrenal lesions, most patients remain steroid independent, as well as recurrence-free at long-term follow-up.

Activin A/BMP2 Chimera (AB204) Exhibits Better Spinal Bone Fusion Properties than rhBMP2

OBJECTIVE: To compare the spinal bone fusion properties of activin A/BMP2 chimera (AB204) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP2) using a rat posterolateral spinal fusion model. METHODS: The study was designed to compare the effects and property at different dosages of AB204 and rhBMP2 on spinal bone fusion. Sixty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion using one of nine treatments during the study, that is, sham; osteon only; 3.0 μg, 6.0 μg, or 10.0 μg of rhBMP2 with osteon; and 1.0 μg, 3.0 μg, 6.0 μg, or 10.0 μg of AB204 with osteon. The effects and property on spinal bone fusion was calculated at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment using the scores of physical palpation, simple radiograph, micro-computed tomography, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Bone fusion scores were significantly higher for 10.0 μg AB204 and 10.0 μg rhBMP2 than for osteon only or 1.0 μg AB204. AB204 exhibited more prolonged osteoblastic activity than rhBMP2. Bone fusion properties of AB204 were similar with the properties of rhBMP2 at doses of 6.0 and 10.0 μg, but, the properties of AB204 at doses of 3.0 μg exhibited better than the properties of rhBMP2 at doses of 3.0 μg. CONCLUSION: AB204 chimeras could to be more potent for treating spinal bone fusion than rhBMP2 substitutes with increased osteoblastic activity for over a longer period.

Activin A/BMP2 Chimera (AB204) Exhibits Better Spinal Bone Fusion Properties than rhBMP2

OBJECTIVE: To compare the spinal bone fusion properties of activin A/BMP2 chimera (AB204) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP2) using a rat posterolateral spinal fusion model.METHODS: The study was designed to compare the effects and property at different dosages of AB204 and rhBMP2 on spinal bone fusion. Sixty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion using one of nine treatments during the study, that is, sham; osteon only; 3.0 μg, 6.0 μg, or 10.0 μg of rhBMP2 with osteon; and 1.0 μg, 3.0 μg, 6.0 μg, or 10.0 μg of AB204 with osteon. The effects and property on spinal bone fusion was calculated at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment using the scores of physical palpation, simple radiograph, micro-computed tomography, and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Bone fusion scores were significantly higher for 10.0 μg AB204 and 10.0 μg rhBMP2 than for osteon only or 1.0 μg AB204. AB204 exhibited more prolonged osteoblastic activity than rhBMP2. Bone fusion properties of AB204 were similar with the properties of rhBMP2 at doses of 6.0 and 10.0 μg, but, the properties of AB204 at doses of 3.0 μg exhibited better than the properties of rhBMP2 at doses of 3.0 μg.CONCLUSION: AB204 chimeras could to be more potent for treating spinal bone fusion than rhBMP2 substitutes with increased osteoblastic activity for over a longer period.

Surgical Repair of Aortocaval Fistula Presenting with Cardiogenic Shock

Aortocaval fistula (ACF) occurs in < 1% of all abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), and in 3% to 7% of all ruptured AAAs. The triad of clinical findings of AAA with ACF are abdominal pain, abdominal machinery bruit, and a pulsating abdominal mass. Other findings include pelvic venous hypertension (hematuria, oliguria, scrotal edema), lower-limb edema with or without arterial insufficiency or venous thrombus, shock, congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Surgery is the main treatment modality. We report successful surgical treatment in a patient with a ruptured AAA with ACF who presented with cardiogenic shock.

A New Root-Strengthening Technique for Acute Aortic Dissection with a Weakened Aortic Root: The Neo-Adventitia Technique

BACKGROUND: Dissection flaps in acute type A aortic dissection typically extend into the root, most frequently into the non-coronary sinus (NCS). The weakened root can be susceptible not only to surgical trauma, but also to future dilatation because of its thinner layers. Herein, we describe a new technique that we named the “neo-adventitia” technique to strengthen the weakened aortic root. METHODS: From 2012 to 2016, 27 patients with acute type A aortic dissection underwent supracommissural graft replacement using our neo-adventitia technique. After we applied biologic glue between the dissected layers, we wrapped the entire NCS and the partial left and right coronary sinuses on the outside using a rectangular Dacron tube graft that served as neo-adventitia to reinforce the dissected weakened wall. Then, fixation with subannular stitches stabilized the annulus of the NCS. RESULTS: There were 4 cases of operative mortality, but all survivors were discharged with aortic regurgitation (AR) classified as mild or less. Follow-up echocardiograms were performed in 10 patients. Of these, 9 showed mild or less AR, and 1 had moderate AR without root dilatation. There were no significant differences in the size of the aortic annulus (p=0.57) or root (p=0.10) between before discharge and the last follow-up echocardiograms, and no reoperations on the aortic roots were required during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: This technique is easy and efficient for reinforcing and stabilizing weakened roots. Furthermore, this technique may be an alternative for restoring and maintaining the geometry of the aortic root. An externally reinforced NCS could be expected to resist future dilatation.

Acute Limb Ischemia and Coronary Artery Disease in a Case of Kimura's Disease

Kimura disease (KD) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. KD has many complications associated with hypereosinophilia, including various forms of allergic reactions and eosinophilic lung disease. Additionally, hypereosinophilia is associated with hypercoagulability, which may lead to thromboembolic events. A 36-year-old man with KD presented with acute limb ischemia and coronary artery occlusion. He underwent thrombectomy, partial endarterectomy of both popliteal arteries, and coronary artery stent insertion. KD is a systemic disease that affects many organs and presents with thromboembolism and vasculitis. In a patient with KD, physicians should evaluate the vascular system, including the coronary arteries.

Identification of a novel frameshift mutation (L345Sfs*15) in a Korean neonate with methylmalonic acidemia

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of methylmalonyl-CoA and methylmalonate in body fluids without hyperhomocysteinemia. Cardiac disease is a rarely known lethal complication of MMA, herein, we report a Korean neonate diagnosed with MMA on the basis of biochemical and genetic findings, who developed cardiomyopathy, resulting in sudden death. The patient presented vomiting and lethargy at 3 days of age. Initially, the patient had an increased plasma propionylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine concentration ratio of 0.49 in a tandem mass spectrometry analysis and an elevated ammonia level of 537 µmol/L. Urine organic acid analysis showed increased excretion of methylmalonate. Subsequent sequence analysis of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) gene revealed compound heterozygous mutations c.323G>A (p.Arg108His) in exon 1 and c.1033_1034del (p. Leu345Serfs*15) in exon 4, the latter being a novel mutation. In summary, this is the first case of MMA and cardiomyopathy in Korea that was confirmed by genetic analysis to involve a novel MUT mutation.

Comparison of the Effects of Sufentanil and Fentanyl Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia after Lumbar Fusion

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative pain is one of the major complaints of patients after lumbar fusion surgery. The authors evaluated the effects of intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) using fentanyl or sufentanil on postoperative pain management and pain-related complications. METHODS: Forty-two patients that had undergone surgery with lumbar instrumentation and fusion at single or double levels constituted the study cohort. Patients were equally and randomly allocated to a sufentanil group (group S) or a fentanyl group (group F) for patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Group S received sufentanil at a dose of 4 μg/kg IV-PCA and group F received fentanyl 24 μg/kg IV-PCA. A numeric rating scale (NRS) of postoperative pain was applied before surgery, and immediately and at 1, 6, and 24 hours (hrs) after surgery. Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were obtained before surgery and one month after surgery. Opioid-related side effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: No significant intergroup difference was observed in NRS or ODI scores at any of the above-mentioned time points. Side effects were more frequent in group F. More specifically, nausea, vomiting rates were significantly higher (p=0.04), but pruritus, hypotension, and headache rates were non-significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Sufentanil displayed no analgesic advantage over fentanyl postoperatively. However, sufentanil should be considerable for patients at high risk of GI issues, because it had lower postoperative nausea and vomiting rates than fentanyl.

Risk Factors of Proximal Junctional Kyphosis after Multilevel Fusion Surgery: More Than 2 Years Follow-Up Data

OBJECTIVE: Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is radiologic finding, and is defined as kyphosis of >10° at the proximal end of a construct. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with PJK after segmental spinal instrumented fusion in adults with spinal deformity with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. METHODS: A total of 49 cases of adult spinal deformity treated by segmental spinal instrumented fusion at two university hospitals from 2004 to 2011 were enrolled in this study. All enrolled cases included at least 4 or more levels from L5 or the sacral level. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of PJK during follow-up, and these two groups were compared to identify factors related to PJK. RESULTS: PJK was observed in 16 of the 49 cases. Age, sex and mean follow-up duration were not statistically different between two groups. However, mean bone marrow density (BMD) and mean back muscle volume at the T10 to L2 level was significantly lower in the PJK group. Preoperatively, the distance between the C7 plumb line and uppermost instrumented vertebra (UIV) were no different in the two groups, but at final follow-up a significant intergroup difference was observed. Interestingly, spinal instrumentation factors, such as, receipt of a revision operation, the use of a cross-link, and screw fracture were no different in the two groups at final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Preoperative BMD, sagittal imbalance at UIV, and thoracolumbar muscle volume were found to be strongly associated with the presence of PJK.

Effects of bracket slot size during en-masse retraction of the six maxillary anterior teeth using an induction-heating typodont simulation system / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how bracket slot size affects the direction of maxillary anterior tooth movement when en-masse retraction is performed in sliding mechanics using an induction-heating typodont simulation system. METHODS: An induction-heating typodont simulation system was designed based on the Calorific Machine system. The typodont included metal anterior and resin posterior teeth embedded in a sticky wax arch. Three bracket slot groups (0.018, 0.020, and 0.022 inch [in]) were tested. A retraction force of 250 g was applied in the posterior-superior direction. RESULTS: In the anteroposterior direction, the cusp tip of the canine in the 0.020-in slot group moved more distally than in the 0.018-in slot group. In the vertical direction, all six anterior teeth were intruded in the 0.018-in slot group and extruded in the 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups. The lateral incisor was significantly extruded in the 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups. Significant differences in the crown linguoversion were found between the 0.018- and 0.020-in slot groups and 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the central incisor and between the 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups and 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups for the canine. In the 0.018-in slot group, all anterior teeth showed crown mesial angulation. Significant differences were found between the 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the lateral incisor and between the 0.018- and 0.020-in slot groups and 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the canine. CONCLUSIONS: Use of 0.018-in slot brackets was effective for preventing extrusion and crown linguoversion of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics.

Heart Rate Variability Among Children With Acquired Brain Injury

OBJECTIVE: To find evidence of autonomic imbalance and present the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters that reflect the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) in children with acquired brain injury (ABI). METHODS: Thirteen children with ABI were enrolled and age- and sex-matched children with cerebral palsy were selected as the control group (n=13). The following HRV parameters were calculated: time-domain indices including the mean heart rate, standard deviation of all average R-R intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), physical stress index (PSI), approximate entropy (ApEn); successive R-R interval difference (SRD), and frequency domain indices including total power (TP), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), normalized HF, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the ABI and control groups in the mean heart rate, RMSSD, PSI and all indices of the frequency domain analysis. The mean heart rate, PSI, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio increased in the ABI group. The presence of PSH symptoms in the ABI group demonstrated a statistically significant decline of the SDNN, TP, ln TP. CONCLUSION: The differences in the HRV parameters and presence of PSH symptoms are noted among ABI children compared to an age- and sex-matched control group with cerebral palsy. Within the ABI group, the presence of PSH symptoms influenced the parameters of HRV such as SDNN, TP and ln TP.

Comparison of Cervical Lymphadenitis as First Presentation of Kawasaki Disease and Acute Unilateral Cervical Lymphadenitis

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the differential clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics between patients with cervical lymphadenitis as first presentation of Kawasaki disease (CLKD) and those with acute unilateral cervical lymphadenitis (AUCL). METHODS: We surveyed 372 patients who visited Pusan National University Children's Hospital because of fever and cervical lymph node enlargement, and underwent neck computed tomography (CT) from January 2010 to December 2014. We compared 28 confirmed cases of Kawasaki disease and 28 cases of AUCL based on a retrospective review of the medical records of the patients. RESULTS: Patients with CLKD and AUCL showed no differential clinical characteristics in terms of the duration of fever, antibiotic use, or the size of lymph nodes. Patients with CLKD had higher white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein levels (P<0.05) than those of patients with AUCL. The presence of retropharyngeal edema on neck CT was similar between the groups (64% vs. 33%, P=0.686). CONCLUSIONS: CLKD and AUCL showed no differentiating clinical and radiological characteristics; hence, Kawasaki disease should be the presumptive diagnosis in patients with fever and cervical lymph node enlargements who fail to respond to antibiotic treatment.

The Comparison of M-B CDI-K Short Form and K-ASQ as Screening Test for Language Development

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of the communication domain in the Korean version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire (K-ASQ), and short form of the Korean version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (M-B CDI-K), as screening tests for language developmental delay. METHODS: Data was collected between April 2010 and December 2013, from children who visited either the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation or the Developmental Delay Clinic, presenting with language development delay as their chief complaint. All the children took the short form of M-B CDI-K and K-ASQ as screening tests, and received diagnostic language assessments including Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) or Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). RESULTS: A total of 206 children, mean age 29.7 months, were enrolled. The final diagnoses were developmental language disorder, global developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, etc. The M-B CDI-K short form and the communication domain of the K-ASQ had 95.9% and 76.7% sensitivity, and 82.4% and 85.3% specificity, with regards to diagnostic language assessments. The M-B CDI-K short form showed higher negative predictive value and better accuracy than the communication domain of the K-ASQ. CONCLUSION: The screening ability of K-ASQ was not sufficient for children with language development delay, and the M-B CDI-K short form should be implemented for additional screening.

A Rare Case of Life-threatening Sudden-onset Spontaneous Gastric Perforation in a 13-Year-Old Boy

Spontaneous gastric perforation in a healthy child is extremely rare; however, its outcome can be life-threatening. Gastric perforation may be caused by inflammation, mechanical injury, ingestion, and vascular compromise. We report a rare case of gastric perforation with unfavorable results in a 13-year-old, previously healthy, boy. We conclude that acute gastric volvulus is a possible cause of gastric perforation in this case.

Differences of Obstetric Complications and Clinical Characteristics between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: Since the awareness of autism spectrum disorders(ASD) is growing, as a result, it is increasing numbers of infants and toddlers being referred to specialized clinics for a differential diagnosis and the importance of early autism spectrum disorders detection is emphasized. This study is to know the difference between ASD and intellectual disability(ID) from comparison of the demographics, clinical characters and obstetric complications. METHODS: The participants are 816 toddlers who visited the developmental delay clinic(DDC) in National Health Insurance Ilsan hospital. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and ID was 324 and 492. 75 toddlers out of 114 who returned to DDC were diagnosed as ID at the first visit but 7 of them had changed diagnosis to ASD at the second visit. After compared ASD with ID from the first visit, we analyzed characters of toddlers who had the changed diagnosis to ASD at the second visit. RESULTS: As a result, the comparison between ASD and ID at the first visit shows that the boys have higher ratio, lower obstetric complication and lower language assessment score in ASD. The toddlers who had the changed diagnosis at the second visit were all boys and they had more cases of family history of developmental delay and had lower score of receptive language developmental quotient. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sex, language characteristics and obstetric complication could be useful in the early detection of ASD.

The Factors That Affect Improvement of Neurogenic Bladder by Severe Lumbar Disc Herniation in Operation

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed retrospectively the bladder function of patients after early surgery for cauda equina syndrome (CES) performed within 24 or 48 hours, or after 48 hours of the onset of autonomic symptoms. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 31 patients after decompression surgery for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) who had been diagnosed with CES between January 2001 and December 2014 at Inha University Hospital. The following factors were assessed to evaluate the influence of time to surgery: bladder function, rectal incontinence, sexual dysfunction, LDH level, and degree of spinal canal compression. RESULTS: After decompression, the outcome group was categorized into normal bladder function and abnormal bladder function. The patients operated on within 48 hours showed an improved postoperative outcome. Among 16 patients operated on within 48 hours, 13 (81%) recovered normal bladder function. In contrast, among 15 patients with decompression after 48 hours, 6 (40%) recovered normal bladder function. Among 21 patients with mild bladder dysfunction at admission, 16 (76%) recovered normal bladder function after decompression. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients who have decompression surgery within 48 hours of the onset of bladder dysfunction, improve their chances of recovering bladder function than those who have a late operation (>48 hours). Also, patients with mild bladder dysfunction are more likely to recover bladder function after decompression, than patients with severe bladder dysfunction.

Pretreatment with Lycopene Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell-based therapy to promote revascularization after peripheral or myocardial ischemia. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the senescence and apoptosis of MSCs, causing defective neovascularization. Here, we examined the effect of the natural antioxidant lycopene on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in MSCs. Although H2O2 (200 muM) increased intracellular ROS levels in human MSCs, lycopene (10 muM) pretreatment suppressed H2O2-induced ROS generation and increased survival. H2O2-induced ROS increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and p53, which were inhibited by lycopene pretreatment. Furthermore, lycopene pretreatment decreased the expression of cleaved poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and caspase-3 and increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), which were induced by H2O2 treatment. Moreover, lycopene significantly increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression and decreased cellular ROS levels via the PI3K-Akt pathway. Our findings show that lycopene pretreatment prevents ischemic injury by suppressing apoptosis-associated signal pathway and enhancing anti-oxidant protein, suggesting that lycopene could be developed as a beneficial broad-spectrum agent for the successful MSC transplantation in ischemic diseases.

Usefulness of Simple Rod Rotation to Correct Curve of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

OBJECTIVE: To correct apical vertebral rotation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), direct vertebral derotation (DVD) or simple rod rotation (SRR) might be considered. The aim of the present study is to introduce the surgical experiences of AIS by a Korean neurosurgeon and to evaluate the effectiveness of SRR for apical vertebral rotation. METHODS: A total of 9 patients (1 male and 8 females) underwent scoliosis surgery by a neurosurgeon of our hospital. The Lenke classifications of the patients were 1 of 1B, 2 of 1C, 1 of 2A, 1 of 2C, 3 of 5C and 1 of 6C. Surgery was done by manner of simple rod rotation on the concave side and in situ coronal bending. Coronal Cobb's angles, vertebral rotation angles and SRS-22 were measured on a plain standing X-ray and CT before and after surgery. RESULTS: The mean follow up period was 25.7 months (range : 5-52). The mean number of screw positioning level was nine (6-12). The mean age was 16.4 years (range : 13-25) at surgery. The mean Risser grade was 3.7+/-0.9. The apical vertebral rotation measured from the CT scans was 25.8+/-8.5degrees vs. 9.3+/-6.7degrees (p<0.001) and the Coronal Cobb's angle was 53.7+/-10.4degrees vs. 15.4+/-6.5degrees (p<0.001) preoperatively and postoperative, respectively. The SRS-22 improved from 71.9 preoperatively to 90.3 postoperatively. There were no complications related with the operations. CONCLUSION: SRR with pedicle screw instrumentation could be corrected successfully by axial rotation without complications. SRR might serve as a good option to correct AIS deformed curves of AIS.

Brain Activation Evoked by Sensory Stimulation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury : Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlations with Clinical Features

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the changes of contralateral sensorimotor cortical activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can predict the neurological outcome among spinal cord injury (SCI) patients when the great toes are stimulated without notice. METHODS: This study enrolled a total of 49 patients with SCI and investigated each patient's preoperative fMRI, postoperative fMRI, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, and neuropathic pain occurrence. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the change of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response on perioperative fMRI during proprioceptive stimulation with repetitive passive toe movements : 1) patients with a response of contralateral sensorimotor cortical activation in fMRI were categorized; 2) patients with a response in other regions; and 3) patients with no response. Correlation between the result of fMRI and each parameter was analyzed. RESULTS: In fMRI data, ASIA score was likely to show greater improvement in patients in group A compared to those belonging to group B or C (p<0.001). No statistical significance was observed between the result of fMRI and neuropathic pain (p=0.709). However, increase in neuropathic pain in response to the signal change of the ipsilateral frontal lobe on fMRI was statistically significant (p=0.030). CONCLUSION: When there was change of BOLD response at the contralateral sensorimotor cortex on perioperative fMRI after surgery, relief of neurological symptoms was highly likely for traumatic SCI patients. In addition, development of neuropathic pain was likely to occur when there was change of BOLD response at ipsilateral frontal lobe.

Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage after Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Case Report / 대한신경손상학회지

Spine surgery has been increased as the population ages, but the occurrence of unusual complication such as remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) is not well understood. We recently experienced a case of RCH in a 60-year-old woman showed neurologic dysfunction after degenerative lumbar spine surgery. There was no definite dural tearing and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) loss during operation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar hemorrhage. The patient received conservative management and rehabilitation program. Most other reports have been suggested that RCH after spinal surgery might be related with excessive CSF drainage perioperatively. Minimizing of CSF loss during operation would be helpful to reduce the risk of RCH. If large volume of CSF has been lost accompanied by neurologic deterioration, brain imaging is necessary simultaneously.