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Objective To study the status of diabetic foot and its related factors in Hanzhong area in recent years, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and management of diabetic foot complicated by type 2 diabetes. Methods A stratified sampling method was used to select 528 patients with type 2 diabetes among permanent residents in Hanzhong from April 2016 to April 2022. Relevant medical history and laboratory examination data were collected, and the incidence of diabetic foot was calculated. The influence of related factors on the risk of diabetic foot was analyzed by regression model. Results Among 528 subjects in this study, the disease course and body type of T2DM showed that male patients had significantly longer disease, and the proportion of overweight and obesity was higher, P2=27.516，P<0.05）. The proportion of male patients complicated with diabetic foot was higher than that of female patients (P<0.05). At the same time, the incidence of Wagner Grade I was higher in males than in females (P<0.05). The effects of potential factors on the risk of diabetic foot were discussed by gender. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk factors of diabetic foot in male T2DM patients included: Increased course of disease, increased age, poor blood glucose control, increased total cholesterol level, increased BMI level and increased platelet to lymphocyte ratio . Potential risk factors in women include increased course of disease, age, poor blood sugar control (increased glycosylated hemoglobin levels) and increased platelet to lymphocyte ratios in all cases（P<0.05）. Conclusion The current prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes patients complicated with diabetes foot in Hanzhong area is 16.29%, which is still high , and the prevalence rate of men is significantly higher than that of women. Older age, long duration of T2DM, poor blood glucose control, increased total cholesterol level, increased blood uric acid level, decreased urine pH value, and increased platelet lymphocyte ratio are potential risk factors for diabetes foot. Male patients should also pay attention to the occurrence of overweight and obesity tendency to reduce the risk of diabetes foot.
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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the expression, localization and regulatory effect on mitochondrial calcium signaling of Rictor in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESC-CMs).@*METHODS@#Classical embryonic stem cell cardiomyogenesis model was used for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes. The location of Rictor in ESC-CMs was investigated by immunofluorescence and Western blot. The expression of Rictor in mouse embryonic stem cells was interfered with lentiviral technology, then the superposition of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in ESC-CMs was detected with immunofluorescence method; the cellular ultrastructure of ESC-CMs was observed by transmission electron microscope; the mitochondrial calcium transients of ESC-CMs was detected by living cell workstation;immunoprecipitation was used to detect the interaction between 1,5,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3 receptor, IP3R), glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75) and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) in mitochondrial outer membrane; the expression of mitochondrial fusion protein (mitonusin-2, Mfn2) was detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Rictor was mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) in ESC-CMs. Immunofluorescence results showed that Rictor was highly overlapped with ER and mitochondria in ESC-CMs. After mitochondrial and ER were labeled with Mito-Tracker Red and ER-Tracker Green, it was demonstrated that the mitochondria of the myocardial cells in the Rictor group were scattered, and the superimposition rate of mitochondria and ER was lower than that of the negative control group (<0.01). The MAM structures were decreased in ESC-CMs after knockdown of Rictor. The results of the living cell workstation showed that the amplitude of mitochondrial calcium transients by ATP stimulation in ESC-CMs was decreased after knockdown of Rictor (<0.01). The results of co-immunoprecipitation showed that the interaction between IP3R, Grp75 and VDAC1 in the MAM structure of the cardiomyocytes in the Rictor group was significantly attenuated (<0.01); the results of Western blot showed that the expression of Mfn2 protein was significantly decreased (<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Using lentiviral technology to interfere Rictor expression in mouse embryonic stem cells, the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria in ESC-CMs decreases, which may be affected by reducing the interaction of IP3R, Grp75, VDAC1 and decreasing the expression of Mfn2, leading to the damage of MAM structure.