Classification of Mouse Lung Metastatic Tumor with Deep Learning

Traditionally, pathologists microscopically examine tissue sections to detect pathological lesions; the many slides that must be evaluated impose severe work burdens. Also, diagnostic accuracy varies by pathologist training and experience; better diagnostic tools are required. Given the rapid development of computer vision, automated deep learning is now used to classify microscopic images, including medical images. Here, we used a Inception-v3 deep learning model to detect mouse lung metastatic tumors via whole slide imaging (WSI); we cropped the images to 151 by 151 pixels. The images were divided into training (53.8%) and test (46.2%) sets (21,017 and 18,016 images, respectively). When images from lung tissue containing tumor tissues were evaluated, the model accuracy was 98.76%. When images from normal lung tissue were evaluated, the model accuracy (“no tumor”) was 99.87%. Thus, the deep learning model distinguished metastatic lesions from normal lung tissue. Our approach will allow the rapid and accurate analysis of various tissues.

A dual-plane approach for surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysm with arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients

Background@#We report the efficacy of a dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture of the de-epithelized dermis to manage pseudoaneurysm at the vascular access site for hemodialysis. @*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was conducted of 61 patients from 2013 to 2018 with pseudoaneurysms at the arteriovenous fistula or graft who were treated with rhomboid excision, vessel repair with a purse-string suture, and a full-thickness Dufourmentel skin flap. The success rate was defined as the probability of complete wound closure and intact vascular access patency without infection or other complications. @*Results@#The success rate was 93.4% at 6 months postoperatively. Complications included newly occurring pseudoaneurysms (n=2), wound dehiscence (n=1) and bleeding (n=1). There were no complications such as stenosis or thrombosis from the procedure. @*Conclusions@#A dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture for vessel repair was shown to be a favorable option for managing stable, small (diameter <2 cm) pseudoaneurysms without infection, rapid expansion, or patency issues of the vascular access.

A dual-plane approach for surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysm with arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients

Background@#We report the efficacy of a dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture of the de-epithelized dermis to manage pseudoaneurysm at the vascular access site for hemodialysis. @*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was conducted of 61 patients from 2013 to 2018 with pseudoaneurysms at the arteriovenous fistula or graft who were treated with rhomboid excision, vessel repair with a purse-string suture, and a full-thickness Dufourmentel skin flap. The success rate was defined as the probability of complete wound closure and intact vascular access patency without infection or other complications. @*Results@#The success rate was 93.4% at 6 months postoperatively. Complications included newly occurring pseudoaneurysms (n=2), wound dehiscence (n=1) and bleeding (n=1). There were no complications such as stenosis or thrombosis from the procedure. @*Conclusions@#A dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture for vessel repair was shown to be a favorable option for managing stable, small (diameter <2 cm) pseudoaneurysms without infection, rapid expansion, or patency issues of the vascular access.

Assessment of collagen antibody-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice using bioimaging analysis and histopathological examination / 한국실험동물학회지

The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic potential of sulfasalazine and prednisolone in a mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. Twenty-five male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: group 1 (G1): control, group 2 (G2): probe control, group 3 (G3): CAIA, group 4 (G4): CAIA+sulfasalazine (10 mg/kg, oral), and group 5 (G5): CAIA+prednisolone (100 mg/kg, oral). Fluorescence bioimaging was performed in vivo 24 and 48 h after treatment with a fluorescence probe (OsteoSense® 680 EX), and all mice were sacrificed. The hind knee joints were fixed in 10% neutral phosphate-buffered formalin, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histopathological analyses were performed. The paw thickness increased in a time-dependent manner in G3 mice, but trended toward a decrease in both G4 and G5 mice. Fluorescence intensity increased in G3 mice at 24 and 48 h after fluorescence probe treatment, but the fluorescence intensity in G4 and G5 mice was lower than that in G3. Micro-CT analyses showed that the joint surfaces of G3 mice had a rough and irregular articular appearance, but the occurrence of these irregularities was lower in G4 and G5. Hematoxylin and eosin and Safranin O-fast green staining confirmed that destruction of the cartilage and bony structures, synovial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration all occurred in G3, and that the occurrence of these phenomena was lower in G4 and G5 than in G3. Taken together, these results suggest that sulfasalazine and prednisolone can reduce acute rheumatoid arthritis in mice.

Changes of hematological references depends on storage period and temperature conditions in rats and dogs / 한국실험동물학회지

Because changes in rat and dog hematological parameters according to storage conditions have been poorly documented, we sought to examine such changes. Blood analysis was performed using two hematology analyzers (ADVIA 2120i and Sysmex XN-V) after storage at room temperature and in cold storage for 5, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Interassay coefficients of variation for hematological parameters analyzed with the ADVIA 2120i and the XN-V showed similar. The levels of hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet (PLT) showed significant variations with time in blood samples of rats and dogs. The leukocyte subpopulation showed high variation with storage conditions. The data for leukocyte differential counts obtained using the ADVIA 2120i, XN-V, and a manual differential counting procedure showed good agreement for neutrophils and lymphocyte counts, but monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils showed differences between the procedures. In conclusions, most rat and dog hematological parameters showed minimal changes; however, some showed high variation with storage time and temperature, especially PLT and leukocyte subpopulations. In conclusion, when performing hematological analysis in dogs and rats, it will be exactitude to analyze blood samples in fresh condition and at least within 24 h in the cold storage.

Effect of Methotrexate on Collagen-Induced Arthritis Assessed by Micro-Computed Tomography and Histopathological Examination in Female Rats

We tested the hypothesis that micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis provides a better quantitative readout of the therapeutic potential of methotrexate (MTX) for treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and compared to conventional histopathological examination. Rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1) was treated with 0.9% saline, whereas groups 2 (G2) and 3 (G3) were boosted with type II collagen at days 0 and 7. Following the first collagen immunization, rats in G1 and G2 were treated with 0.9% saline and those in G3 were treated with 1.5 mg/kg MTX from day 14 to 28. All rats were sacrificed on day 28, at which point and all hind knee joints were analyzed by micro-CT and histopathological examination. Micro-CT analyses showed that bone volume and trabecular number were significantly decreased in G2 and G3 compared to G1 (p<0.01), as was percent bone volume (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). However, bone surface/bone volume was significantly increased in G2 and G3 compared to G1 (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Trabecular separation was significantly increased in G3 compared to G1 (p<0.05). Histopathological examination showed that knee joints of rats in G2 and G3 showed severe joint destruction with inflammatory cell infiltration. However, cartilage destruction was slightly reduced in G3 compared to G2. Taken together, these results suggest that MTX treatment reduced cartilage destruction in rats with CIA, and micro-CT analyses made it possible to quantify arthritic bony lesion.

Actinomycosis and Sialolithiasis in Submandibular Gland

Actinomycosis is a subacute or chronic suppurative infection caused by Actinomyces species, which are anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and urogenital tracts. Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and is associated with odontogenic infection. Characterized by an abscess and mandibular involvement with or without fistula, but the cervicofacial form of actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed because the presentation is not specific and because it can mimic numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malignant tumors. We report a rare case of actinomycosis infection with coexisting submandibular sialolithiasis. The patient presented with a 1x1 cm abscess-like lesion below the lower lip. Punch biopsy of the lesion revealed atypical squamous cell proliferation with infiltrative growth, suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent wide excision of this lesion, where the lesion was found to be an abscess formation with multiple submandibular sialolithiases. The surgical specimen was found to contain Actinomyces without any evidence of a malignant process. We assumed that associated predisposing factors such as poor oral hygiene may have caused a dehydrated condition of the oral cavity, leading to coexistence of actinomycosis and sialolithiasis.

Micro-computed tomography evaluation and pathological analyses of female rats with collagen-induced arthritis

Imaging techniques have been introduced to assess the efficacy and toxicity of developing pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and to compare the results with data from conventional pathological examination. Arthritis was induced by collagen in 24 female Wistar rats. Micro-CT and pathological analyses were performed to assess arthritis progression. Micro-CT analysis showed marked joint destruction occurring in a time-dependent manner following collagen administration. Bone volume was significantly decreased in the tibia at weeks 3 and 4 compared to week 0 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, percent bone volume was significantly reduced in the tibia at week 4 compared to week 0 (p < 0.05). In contrast, bone surface/bone volume and trabecular separation were significantly increased in the tibia of the animals at week 4 compared to week 0 (p < 0.05). Severe joint destruction with extensive inflammation, erosion of cartilage and bone, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the knee joints of the collagen-treated rats. Taken together, micro-CT made it possible to quantify CIA lesions and should be performed with pathological examination in rats.

Nonexcisional, Minimally Invasive Rejuvenation of the Neck Using Radiofrequency Tissue Tightening (FaceTite(TM))

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive radiofrequency (RF) and lasers have been used for skin tightening and body contouring since the 1990s. The safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction with the procedure using a novel RF device (BodyTite(TM); Invasix Ltd, Yokneam Ilit, Israel) were evaluated. METHODS: We retrospectively included 13 patients who were treated with the BodyTite(TM) to rejuvenate neck skin from May 2012 to May 2014. The power of the device was set between 10 and 15 W. The target temperature was set at 38degrees C. Three independent evaluators were asked to grade baseline and 6- to 12-month follow-up photographs using a comprehensive quantitative 4-point laxity grading scale. All patients were asked to rate their satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome and quality of life after treatment. RESULTS: Grading results of baseline and follow-up photographs of patients were statistically significant with an average grade improvement of 1.01 points on the 4 point scale. Using a patient satisfaction scale, patients were also significantly more satisfied (poor, 0%; fair, 15%; good, 46%; and excellent, 39%). There were transient complications, such as minimal erythema, mild edema, and focal hardness, which resolved spontaneously within 1 week. There were no significant adverse effects or complications. CONCLUSIONS: The BodyTite(TM) is a minimally invasive, RF treatment that was demonstrated to improve skin laxity without significant adverse effects or complications. The BodyTite(TM) provides a nonsurgical option for the safe and effective rejuvenation of neck skin under local anesthesia.

Unilateral noncystic renal dysplasia in a Sprague Dawley rat / 동물의과학연구지

Renal dysplasia is a developmental disorder of the renal parenchyma involving anomalous differentiation. It is characterized by persistent metanephric ducts surrounded by primitive mesenchyme, fetal or immature glomeruli, fetal or immature tubules, interstitial fibrosis, and dysontogenic metaplasia involving tissues such as cartilage. Renal dysplasia has been rarely reported in rats. Here, we observed a small left kidney in a rat used in a short-term repeat toxicity study. The rat showed no clinical signs throughout the study. All parameters, including those reflecting kidney functions, were normal upon hematological examination and urinalysis. Grossly, the kidney was small (5 x 8 mm) and its surface appeared normal. Histological examination revealed that the cortex and medulla were poorly demarcated and contained immature/atrophic glomeruli, immature renal tubules, and mesenchymal cells. The cortex contained immature glomeruli, atrophic glomeruli with cystic dilatation of Bowman's capsular space, and some atypical tubules. Primitive metanephric tubules in the medulla were larger in diameter than normal collecting ducts, lined by a tall columnar epithelium with pale cytoplasm and basal nucleus, and surrounded by loose mesenchymal cells. Occasional tubules contained pale eosinophilic homogenous material in the lumen. Thus, this was diagnosed as a case of renal dysplasia on the basis of histologic features and is the first reported case of renal dysplasia in Sprague Dawley rats.

A Recurrent Giant Pilomatricoma on the Back

No abstract available.

Multiple Skin Cancers Following Psoralen and Ultraviolet A Treatment of Psoriasis

No abstract available.

Erratum to: Expression of CD44 in mouse diethylnitrosamine (DEN)- induced hepatic tumors as well as in DEN-treated embryo stem cells and derived hepatic lineage cells / 동물의과학연구지

A corresponding author was incorrectly described in the previous paper.

Histopathological Evaluation of Heart Toxicity of a Novel Selective PPAR-gamma Agonists CKD-501 in db/db Mice

High risk of cardiovascular diseases caused by existing PPAR-gamma agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone has been recently reported. CKD-501 is a novel selective PPAR-gamma agonist as a potential target to reduce cardiovascular risk in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In this study, We investigated potential cardiotoxicity of CKD-501 and compared its toxicity with that of rosiglitazone or pioglitazone using db/db mice. After 12-week repeated administration of CKD-501 at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day or rosiglitazone at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg/day or pioglitazone at doses of 200 and 540 mg/kg/day, animals were sacrificed for investigation of potential toxicities. Diameters of left ventricles and areas of cardiomyocytes were measured. And lipid accumulation and apoptosis in heart muscle were examined by oil red O staining and TUNEL staining, respectively. Diameters of left ventricles were significantly increased in high dose treatment group of pioglitazone compared to control (p CKD-501 > or = rosiglitazone. However, lipid accumulation and apoptotic changes in heart were not observed in all dosing groups. Taken together, the myocardial cell hypertrophy of CKD-501 are relatively lower than that of pioglitazone and similar to rosiglitazone. And it is suggested that the myocardial cell hypertrophy of CKD-501 are less adverse in clinical use for the management of the NIDDM.

Expression of CD44 in mouse diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic tumors as well as in DEN-treated embryo stem cells and derived hepatic lineage cells / 동물의과학연구지

To clarify the role of stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis, CD44 expression was investigated in mouse livers as well as embryonic cell lineages treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Liver tumors induced by DEN were analyzed by immunohistochemisty for CD44. Liver tissues were sampled at 6, 24, and 48 hr after treatment with saline or DEN. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), and hepatocyte like cells (HCs), representing 0, 22, and 40 days of differentiation, respectively, were treated with DEN at four doses (0, 1, 5, and 15 mM, respectively) for 24 hr, after which CD44 expression levels were examined by relative quantitative real-time PCR. CD44 expression was weakly detected in tumor cells as well as in some hepatocytes surrounding the tumor cells. However, CD44 expression was not detected in liver tissue treated with DEN at early time points. The CD44 mRNA expression level was significantly different among cells treated with 5 mM DEN at day 22 (P<0.01) as well as 1, 5, and 15 mM DEN at day 40 (P<0.01) compared with control. Taken together, CD44 expression slightly increased in mouse DEN-induced tumors. Furthermore, expression of CD44 in embryonic cell lineages treated with various doses of DEN significantly differed among embryo stem cells and derived hepatic lineage cells. This suggests that CD44 expression may be modulated in the progeny of stem cells during their differentiation toward hepatocytes, and its expression may increase in the tumor stage but not during early carcinogenesis.

Historical control data from 13-week repeated toxicity studies in Crj:CD (SD) rats / 한국실험동물학회지

Reference ranges of standard experimental parameters are useful for comparisons in toxicology. The aim of this study was to collect data from 13-week repeated toxicity studies in Crl:CD (SD) rats, a strain widely used for toxicity and efficacy research, for establishing domestic reference values. Data on body weight, food consumption; urinalysis, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters; and organ weights were collected from 11 toxicity studies in 220 Crl:CD (SD) rats (110 males and 110 females). The studies had been performed at a single testing facility over the last 5 years and involved animals sourced from a single breeder. The findings were collated as means, standard deviations, percentages, and ranges. Urine volume, uterus weight, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and triglyceride, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels showed standard deviations of 30% or more. These historical control data would help to interpret the effects of test substances in routine toxicity and efficacy studies.

Modifying Effect of Indole-3-carbinol on the Rat Colon Carcinogenesis / 한국실험동물학회지

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in various cruciferous vegetables has been shown to exert anti-carcinogenic activity in several target organs. Our study was conducted to assess the modifying effect of I3C on the development of colon tumor induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Eighty-seven male F344 rats were divided into 5 groups and were treated with AOM followed by I3C 100 or 300 ppm, AOM alone, I3C alone, and non-treatment, respectively. The animals were subcutaneously injected with AOM. Then diet containing I3C were fed to the rats for 37 weeks. All rats were sacrificed at 40 weeks. Liver and kidney weights of rats treated with I3C at doses of 100 or 300 ppm were significantly increased compared to those of the control group. Colonic tumor incidence and multiplicity of rats treated with I3C at doses of 100 and 300 ppm were not significant compared to those of AOM alone group. In the pathological examination, most of tumors were classified with adenoma and adenocarcinoma in the small and large intestine. These results demonstrated that I3C may have not chemopreventive effect on the rat colon carcinogenesis.

Uterine Adenomyosis in Beagle Dogs / 한국실험동물학회지

Adenomyosis is a nonneoplastic hyperplastic lesion, characterized by invagination of proliferating endometrial glands into myometrium. In dogs, uterine adenomyosis is relatively rare and it is important in Toxicologic Pathology to differentiate other non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in uterus. In the present study, we report two cases of adenomyosis in the female beagle dogs used for a chemical toxicity test. Clinically, one out of the two female beagle dogs, 15 months of age, had vaginal bleeding for 2 weeks and the other one, 11 months of age, showed swelling of vulva for a week. At necropsy, the weight of uterus was markedly increased to 27.9 g and 15.8 g, compared with the mean value (4.01+/-2.37, n=6) of that of other normal dogs, respectively. The parameters of hematology and serum chemistry were ranged normal in both of the dogs with enlarged uterus. For differentiation of connective tissue with muscle fibers, Van Gieson stain was also performed in the serial tissue sections. Histopathologically, the lesions of the enlarged uteruses were characterized by proliferating endometrial glands into myometrium, surrounded by connective tissue. The endometrial glands were proliferating downward to myometrium or embedded in multiple clustered glands in deeper myometrium without compressing the adjacent muscle fibers. The gland epithelial cells are uniformly cuboidal shape with a dense and bottom-located nucleus. These gross and histological findings were consistent with adenomyosis.

Supportive Bone Cement Replacement for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To report early results of supportive bone cement replacement for medium to large size osteonecrotic femoral heads in young patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one osteonecrotic femoral heads in 38 patients, who received operation from Mar. 1998 to Feb. 2000, were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 34.2 years (men; 33, women; 5). The preoperative mean Harris score was 48.6. Radiologic staging of Ficat showed I in 2 hips (5%), II-A in 7 hips (17%), II-B in 8 hips (20%) and III in 24 hips (59%). According to the index of necrotic extent (INE) by MRI, 8 hips (20%) were grade B and the remaining 33 hips (80%) were grade C. The operative method used was debridement of necrotic bone and bone cement replacement. Mean length of follow- up was 24.6 months. Three hips were lost to final follow-up. RESULTS: Postoperative immediate pain relief was observed in 38 hips (86%). Mean Harris score at the final follow-up was 77.3. Radiologic progression of stage was observed in 11 hips (27%), and no progression in the remaining 30 hips (73%). Arthoplasty was performed in 6 hips (15%), which were INE C in all cases. CONCLUSION: Supportive bone cement replacement is easier than other salvage techniques and produced a good result. INE was an important factor effecting postoperative results. Long term follow up is necessary.

Arthroscopic Synovectomy of the Wrist in Rheumatoid Arthritis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of arthroscopic synovectomy in patients with rheumatoid wrists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen wrists in 18 patients (4 males and 14 females, average age 49.2 years) who had not responded to anti-rheumatic medications, were treated with arthroscopic synovectomy. Patients 'subjective symptoms were evaluated using a visual analogue scale for pain and satisfaction. Standard posteroanterior radiographs taken preoperatively and at the final follow up were ana-lyzed using the modified Larsen/Rau score system (normal, 0; total destruction, 40). The average follow up period was 29.5 months. RESULTS: The mean preoperative pain score was 8.6 and this decreased to 3.6 one year after the operation, but increased to 4.4 at the final follow-up, suggesting a tendency of pain aggravation with time. The average satisfaction score at the final follow up was 6.3. The mean modi-fied Larsen/Rau score was 6.1 preoperatively and this increased to 8.4 at the final radiographs, demonstrating the slow progression of degen-erative changes. The severity of joint degeneration showed no correlation with the postoperative results. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic synovectomy of rheumatoid wrists results in an effective reduction of pain and high satisfaction. Prolonged bene-fit should be observed by long term follow-up.