Mechanism study of chlorogenic acid alleviating macrophage activation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of chlorogenic acid on the activation of macrophage induced by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）， and to explore the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 （TREM2） in the action. METHODS To find a suitable LPS concentration， the cells were cultured with 1， 10 and 100 ng/mL LPS for 24 h. The level of interleukin 6 （IL-6） in the cell culture supernatant and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） in the cells were detected. To search for a suitable chlorogenic acid concentration， the cells were divided into control group， LPS group and three chlorogenic acid （0.01， 0.1 and 1 μmol/L）+LPS groups. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α （TNF-α） and IL-1β in the cell culture supernatant， the protein expressions of iNOS and TREM2 in the cells and cell viability were detected. To observe the effects of TREM2 in chlorogenic acid alleviating macrophage activation， TREM2-small interfering RNA （TREM2-siRNA） was taken to intervene in TREM2 protein expression. The cells were divided into control group， LPS group， chlorogenic acid+LPS group， TREM2-siRNA+chlorogenic acid+LPS group and SC-siRNA+chlorogenic acid+LPS group. After 24 h incubation， the levels of TNF- α and IL-1β in the cell culture supernatant and protein expressions of TREM2， iNOS and nuclear factor κB p65 （NF-κB p65） in the cells were detected. RESULTS 10 ng/mL LPS promoted IL-6 release and increased iNOS protein expression， and 10 ng/mL LPS was taken in the next experiments. Compared with the LPS group， 0.1 μmol/L chlorogenic acid decreased TNF-α jiaji1981@126.com and IL-1β levels， and down-regulated iNOS expression，meanwhile increased TREM2 expression without effect on cell viability， and 0.1 μmol/L chlorogenic acid was taken in the next experiments. Compared with the control group， the protein expressions of iNOS and NF- κB p65 in the LPS group were significantly increased （P＜0.05）； compared with the LPS group， the protein expressions of iNOS and NF- κB p65 in the chlorogenic acid+LPS group were significantly decreased， the protein expressions of TREM2 was significantly increased （P＜ 0.05）； compared with the chlorogenic acid+LPS group， the protein expressions of iNOS and NF-κB p65 of TREM2-siRNA+ chlorogenic acid+LPS group were significantly increased， the protein expressions of TREM2 was significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. TREM2-siRNA could significantly reverse the above effects of chlorogenic acid， while SC-siRNA did not significantly affect the above anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid. CONCLUSIONS Chlorogenic acid can inhibit the LPS-induced macrophage activation， and its anti-inflammatory may be mediated by TREM2 protein.

Can SARS-CoV-2-infected women breastfeed after viral clearance? / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The recently emerged novel coronavirus pneumonia, named the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), shares several clinical characteristics with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and spread rapidly throughout China in December of 2019 (Huang et al., 2020). The pathogen 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is now named SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is highly infectious. As of Apr. 9, 2020, over 80 000 confirmed cases had been reported, with an estimated mortality rate of 4.0% (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Person-to-person transmission and familial clustering have been reported (Chan et al., 2020; Nishiura et al., 2020; Phan et al., 2020). However, there is no evidence of fetal intrauterine infection in pregnant women who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in their third trimester (Chen et al., 2020). It is unclear whether breastfeeding transmits the virus from previously infected and recovered mothers to their babies. Here we report the clinical course of a pregnant woman with COVID-19. In order to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted to newborns through breastfeeding, we measured viral RNA in the patient's breastmilk samples at different time points after delivery.

Transmission risk of patients with COVID-19 meeting discharge criteria should be interpreted with caution / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

As of Apr. 22, 2020, the World Health Organization (2020) has reported over 2.4 million confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 169 151 deaths. Recent articles have uncovered genomic characteristics and clinical features of COVID-19 (Chan et al., 2020; Chang et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020), while our understanding of COVID-19 is still limited. As suggested by guidelines promoted by the General Office of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (2020) (from Versions 1 to 6), discharged standards for COVID-19 were still dependent on viral real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests of respiratory specimens, showing that recovered COVID-19 patients with twice negative RT-PCR could meet discharge criteria. Here, we examined two cases in which nucleic acid test results were inconsistent with clinical and radiological findings, leading to suboptimal care.