Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): The K-TAVI Registry

Purpose@#The incidence and prognostic implications of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are controversial, especially for Korean patients. Furthermore, the pattern of antithrombotic therapy for these patients is unknown. The present study sought to identify the impact of AF on Korean patients undergoing TAVI and demonstrate the status of antithrombotic therapy for these patients. @*Materials and Methods@#A total of 660 patients who underwent TAVI for severe AS were recruited from the nationwide K-TAVI registry in Korea. The enrolled patients were stratified into sinus rhythm (SR) and AF groups. The primary endpoint was all-cause death at 1-year. @*Results@#AF was recorded in 135 patients [pre-existing AF 108 (16.4%) and new-onset AF 27 (4.1%)]. The rate of all-cause death at 1 year was significantly higher in patients with AF than in those with SR [16.2% vs. 6.4%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 2.207, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.182–4.120, p=0.013], regardless of the onset timing of AF. The rate of new pacemaker insertion at 1 year was also significantly higher in patients with AF than in those with SR (14.0% vs. 5.5%, adjusted HR: 3.137, 95%CI: 1.621–6.071, p=0.001).Among AF patients, substantial number of patients received the combination of multiple antithrombotic agents (77.8%), and the most common combination was that of aspirin and clopidogrel (38.1%). @*Conclusion@#AF was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality and new pacemaker insertion in Korean patients undergoing TAVI.

The Current Status of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea: Based on Year 2014 & 2016 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#In this second report from Korean percutaneous coronary intervention (K-PCI) registry, we sought to describe the updated information of PCI practices and Korean practice pattern of PCI (KP3).@*METHODS@#In addition to K-PCI registry of 2014, new cohort of 2016 from 92 participating centers was appended. Demographic and procedural information, as well as in-hospital outcomes, of PCI was collected using a web-based reporting system. KP3 class C was defined as any strategy with less evidence from randomized trials and more aggressive for PCI than medical therapy or bypass-surgery.@*RESULTS@#In 2016, total 48,823 PCI procedures were performed at 92 participating centers. Mean age of the patients was 65.7±11.6 years, and 71.7% were males. Overall patient characteristics and PCI practices in 2016 were similar to those in 2014. The biggest change was the decrease in the in-hospital occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI;1.6%→0.7%, p<0.001). Many associations between PCI volumes and demographic/procedural characteristics observed in 2014 have disappeared. The median of door-to-balloon time was 62 minutes, and 83.3% of ST-elevation MI patients received primary PCI within 90 minutes, while the median of total ischemic time was 168 minutes and patients who had total ischemic time within 120 and 180 minutes were 29.1% and 54.1%, respectively. The proportion of KP3 class C cases in non-acute coronary syndrome patients decreased from 13.5% in 2014 to 12.1% in 2016 (p<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In this second report from K-PCI registry, we described the current practices of PCI and changes from 2014 to 2016 in Korea.

Arthroscopically-Assisted Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Lateral Tibial Plateau / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of tibial lateral plateau fractures using arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation without cortical window or bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2009 to March 2017, 27 patients with Schatzker type II tibial plateau fractures with articular depression and displacement over 5 mm on a computed tomography (CT) scan, who were treated with arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation and followed-up for at least 18 months, were enrolled in this study. Under arthroscopic guidance, the depressed fracture fragment was reduced using a freer and fixed with 5.0 or 6.5 mm cannulated screws through the inframeniscal portal without a cortical window or bone graft. The clinical and radiological results were evaluated using a Rasmussen system. Second look arthroscopy was performed in thirteen patients during the implant removal operation. RESULTS: All fractures healed completely with a mean union time of 8.7 weeks (range from 8 to 12 weeks). Twenty four patients had good to excellent clinical results and 25 patients had good to excellent radiological results according to the Rasmussen classification. A well-healed articular surface with fibrocartilage was also found in 13 cases with second look arthroscopy. The 8 cases on CT scan at outpatient department follow-up showed bone union without bone grafting. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic-assisted fixation of tibial lateral plateau fractures is a useful method without a cortical window or bone graft that produces good clinical results.

The Current Status of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea: Based on Year 2014 & 2016 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this second report from Korean percutaneous coronary intervention (K-PCI) registry, we sought to describe the updated information of PCI practices and Korean practice pattern of PCI (KP3). METHODS: In addition to K-PCI registry of 2014, new cohort of 2016 from 92 participating centers was appended. Demographic and procedural information, as well as in-hospital outcomes, of PCI was collected using a web-based reporting system. KP3 class C was defined as any strategy with less evidence from randomized trials and more aggressive for PCI than medical therapy or bypass-surgery. RESULTS: In 2016, total 48,823 PCI procedures were performed at 92 participating centers. Mean age of the patients was 65.7±11.6 years, and 71.7% were males. Overall patient characteristics and PCI practices in 2016 were similar to those in 2014. The biggest change was the decrease in the in-hospital occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI;1.6%→0.7%, p<0.001). Many associations between PCI volumes and demographic/procedural characteristics observed in 2014 have disappeared. The median of door-to-balloon time was 62 minutes, and 83.3% of ST-elevation MI patients received primary PCI within 90 minutes, while the median of total ischemic time was 168 minutes and patients who had total ischemic time within 120 and 180 minutes were 29.1% and 54.1%, respectively. The proportion of KP3 class C cases in non-acute coronary syndrome patients decreased from 13.5% in 2014 to 12.1% in 2016 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this second report from K-PCI registry, we described the current practices of PCI and changes from 2014 to 2016 in Korea.

The Practice Pattern of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea: Based on Year 2014 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Appropriate use criteria (AUC) was developed to improve the quality of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, these criteria should consider the current practice pattern in the country where they are being applied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The algorithm for the Korean PCI practice pattern (KP3) was developed by modifying the United States-derived AUC in expert consensus meetings. KP3 class A was defined as any strategy with evidence from randomized trials that was more conservative for PCI than medical therapy or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Class C was defined as any strategy with less evidence from randomized trials and more aggressive for PCI than medical therapy or CABG. Class B was defined as a strategy that was partly class A and partly class C. We applied the KP3 classification system to the Korean PCI registry. RESULTS: The KP3 class A was noted in 67.7% of patients, class B in 28.8%, and class C in 3.5%. The median proportion of class C cases per center was 2.0%. The distribution of KP3 classes varied significantly depending on clinical and angiographic characteristics. The proportion of KP3 class C cases per center was not significantly dependent on PCI volume, but rather on the percentage of ACS cases in each center. CONCLUSION: We report the current PCI practice pattern by applying the new KP3 classification in a nationwide PCI registry. The results should be interpreted carefully with due regard for the complex relationships between the determining variables and the healthcare system in Korea.

The Current Status of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea: Based on Year 2014 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although several multicenter registries have evaluated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures in Korea, those databases have been limited by non-standardized data collection and lack of uniform reporting methods. We aimed to collect and report data from a standardized database to analyze PCI procedures throughout the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both clinical and procedural data, as well as clinical outcomes data during hospital stay, were collected based on case report forms that used a standard set of 54 data elements. This report is based on 2014 Korean PCI registry cohort data. RESULTS: A total of 92 hospitals offered data on 44967 PCI procedures. The median age was 66.0 interquartile range 57.0-74.0 years, and 70.3% were men. Thirty-eight percent of patients presented with acute myocardial infarction and one-third of all PCI procedures were performed in an urgent or emergency setting. Non-invasive stress tests were performed in 13.9% of cases, while coronary computed tomography angiography was used in 13.7% of cases prior to PCI. Radial artery access was used in 56.1% of all PCI procedures. Devices that used PCI included drug-eluting stent, plain old balloon angioplasty, drug-eluting balloon, and bare-metal stent (around 91%, 19%, 6%, and 1% of all procedures, respectively). The incidences of in-hospital death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke were 2.3%, 1.6%, and 0.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data may provide an overview of the current PCI practices and in-hospital outcomes in Korea and could be used as a foundation for developing treatment guidelines and nationwide clinical research.

Erratum: The Practice Pattern of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea: Based on Year 2014 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry

In the article, “The Practice Pattern of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea.Based on Year 2014 Cohort of Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (K-PCI) Registry.” in Volume 47(3), page 320-327, indexed color of Class A and Class C has been changed.

Nonalcoholic Wernicke's Encephalopathy With Diffuse Cortical Involvement

Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological deterioration due to a reversible brain lesion caused by thiamine deficiency. Most of the affected patients are thiamine-depleted alcoholics, and the condition usually involves the medial thalami, mammillary bodies, and periaqueductal area. However, there are rare reports of lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, especially in patients with nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy. We report a case of nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy involving atypical diffuse cortical regions, and review previously reported cases.

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Pilot Study of Safety and Feasibility

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It has been shown that erythropoietin is neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of repetitive high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy in ALS patients. METHODS: Two consecutive studies were conducted. We first recruited 26 subjects for an initial single-arm safety study. After a lead-in period of 3 months to assess the disease progression, rhEPO was infused intravenously (35,000 IU) once per month for 3 months, and the subjects were followed for an additional 3 months. The ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) was used for clinical assessment. After confirming the safety of rhEPO, 60 subjects were recruited for the second controlled study (rhEPO and control groups), which involved a total of 6 infusions at a rate of 1/month. RESULTS: There were no serious adverse events in the first study. The mean rate of decline in the ALSFRS-R score was lower during the treatment period than during the lead-in period (mean+/-SD: 2.6+/-1.8 and 3.7+/-2.6, respectively; p=0.02). However, the rate of decline during the subsequent 3 months returned to that observed in the lead-in period. In the second study, the mean rate of decline in ALSFRS-R score was significantly lower in the rhEPO group than in the control group (during months 0-3, 1.8+/-1.7 vs. 3.1+/-2.3, p=0.03; during months 4-6, 2.1+/-2.2 vs. 3.5+/-2.3, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous high-dose rhEPO is both safe and feasible for the treatment of ALS. Further investigation using different intervals and doses should be considered.

A Survey of the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs in Stroke Patients

BACKGROUND: Seizures occur in 2-20% of stroke patients. Recent studies have reported that post-stroke seizures are associated with poorer functional outcomesand higher mortality. However there are no official guidelines on how to use antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in stroke-related seizures. In this study we surveyed neurologists and neurosurgeons and compared the responses of subgroups categorized by department, specialty and workplace discrimination using a questionnaire containing questions concerning the present tendency to use AEDs in stroke patients. METHODS: 256 neurologists and neurosurgeons participated in the survey. The research instrument was a questionnaire comprising 9 parts and 30 questions. The questions concerned stroke mechanism, the prophylactic use of AEDs, and the choice of AED in early and late onset post-stroke seizures. RESULTS: Tendencies to use prophylactic AEDs in stroke differed depending on specialty and workplace(neurologist vs. neurosurgeon; 17.8% vs. 83.1%, p<0.001, hospital vs. university staff; 46.2% vs. 28.4%, p=0.05). The most commonly used prophylactic AEDs were valproic acid (75%) and levetiracetam (60%). Carbamazepine was the most commonly used AED and phenytoin and phenobarbital were still used in all subgroups to treat post-stroke seizures. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences between neurologists (17.8%) and neurosurgeons (83.1%) in the use of prophylactic AEDs after stroke. Valproic acid and levetiracetam are considered first-line prophylactic AEDs by neurosurgeon. Phenytoin and phenobarbital are still used in post-stroke seizure although they have been reported to have an adverse influence on motor recovery. We suggest that proper guidelines should be established for the use of AEDs in stroke-related seizures.

The Physiology of Normal Sleep / 한양의대학술지

Sleep is a highly organized and complicated state that is fundamental to life. We have an absolute need to sleep during about one-third of our lives. There are two types of sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is divided into stages 1, 2, and 3 which is representing a degree of relative depth in sleep. Each sleep stage shows unique features including some variations in electroencephalographic waves, eye movements, and muscle tone. Although sleep pattern changes are associated with aging, how sleep physiology and sleep patterns change over an individual's life span is not well-defined. Circadian rhythms, which are the daily rhythms in physiology and behavior, regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Comprehensive understanding of normal sleep physiology should be very important to better understand not only the effects of sleep related diseases but also the impacts of pathological sleep on various diseases of other systemic organs. This review aims to enhance knowledge focused on normal sleep physiology and its regulation.

Function of ICU to supervise patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the function and necessity of ICU to supervise and cure the patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring. Methods 178 patients were examined carefully and perfectly before operation to obviate taboo. After comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring operation, all the patients were transferred into ICU in order to be supervised and cured comprehensively. Results 26 (14. 61 %) patients had hypoxemia ( SPO2 ≤90 %),11(6. 18 %)kaliopenia (K+≤3. 5 mmol/L) and 18 (10. 11 %) hypertension. 21 patients appeared arhythmia. Among these 21 arhythmia patients, 15 (8.43 %) patients had pyknocardia (HR≥100/min), 3 (1. 69 %) atrial premature beat, 1 (0.56 %) fibrillation atrial, 2 (1. 12 %) premature ventricular contraction, 1 (0. 56 %) Ⅱ degree atrioventricular block. 8 patients had respiratory tract obstruction. 2 (1. 12 %) had hemorrhea of mandible and 1 transfused 600 ml blood. 17 (9. 55 %) patients had restlessness. 65 patients had nausea and vomitting. All patients in ICU having postoperative complications had been deal with corresponding management. There were no respiratory failure,hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest after operation in 178 patients. Conclusions ICU can offer timely, continuous, and systemic supervision and cure to patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring,and reduce the postoperative emergency rate.

Epidemiology of Insomnia in Korean Adults: Prevalence and Associated Factors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Insomnia is a common complaint in adults. However, large epidemiologic studies of insomnia involving Asian populations are rarely reported. We performed an epidemiologic study of insomnia in a large Korean adult population. METHODS: A total of 5,000 subjects (2,470 men and 2,530 women) were interviewed by telephone. A representative sample of subjects aged 20 to 69 years was constituted according to a stratified, multistage random sampling method. Insomnia was defined as either any difficulty getting to sleep or getting back to sleep after waking in the night. RESULTS: More than one fifth (n=1,141, 22.8%) of the 5,000 subjects complained of insomnia, with the prevalence being significantly higher in women (25.3%) than in men (20.2%, p4.5 million Korean won than in those with an income of <1.5 million Korean won (OR=0.689, 95% CI=0.523-0.906, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia is a common complaint in Korean adults, and its prevalence is similar to that in adults in Western countries.

Prospective Study on the Efficiency of Neurophysiological Index Applicated at Posterior Tibial Nerve/Abductor Pollicis Longus in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

BACKGROUND: Neurophysiological Index (NI) is a sensitive measure of changes during the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, NI applied at the ulnar nerve has limitation in that the initial manifestation of ALS is different among individual patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of NI applied to the posterior tibial nerve system in a prospective study of progression in ALS patients. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 22 patients with definite or probable ALS based on revised EL Escorial criteria. NI applied to the ulnar nerve/abductor digiti minimi muscle and the posterior tibial nerve/abductor hallucis muslce, revised ALS functional rating scale, Norris scale, and grip power were obtained at four and eight months of the follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, NI at both ulnar and posterior tibial nerve systems showed a significant interval change at 4 and 8 months. Although NI in both nerve systems showed significant changes at an interval of 4 months in patients with upper limb onset, NI obtained from the ulnar nerve did not show a difference from the baseline in the lower limb onset patients. Moreover, there was a significant change of NI in the early stage ALS patients, compared to the late stage patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the lower limb onset patients, NI obtained from the posterior tibial nerve is more useful in evaluating the disease progression pattern. Moreover, NI is more effective in the evaluation of the patients in the early stage.

Availability of Neurophysiological Index in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Application of Neurophysiological Index to Median Nerve /Abductor Digiti Minimi and Posterior Tibial Nerve/Abductor Hallucis

BACKGROUND: Neurophysiological Index (NI) is derived from compound muscle action potentials, distal motor latency and F-wave frequency in the ulnar nerve/abductor digiti minimi. Recent studies suggested that NI could be used as a sensitive measure of change during the course of ALS. However, the NI has several limitations which include being derived only from the ulnar nerve territory and is less valuable when atrophic change of the abductor digiti minimi is severe. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation of NI with the functional status of ALS patients and the availability of NI obtained from median and posterior tibial nerve territory. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 25 patients with ALS. The NI, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) and grip power were obtained during the same period and NI values were compared with ALSFRS-R and grip power. RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between ALSFRS-R and various NI values. Moreover, NI values derived from the ulnar nerve/abductor digiti minimi and the median nerve/abductor pollicis brevis on the dominant hand were statistically correlated with fine motor function scores in ALSFRS-R, and NI values from posterior tibial nerve/abductor hallucis were significantly correlated with lower limb function scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the previous findings that NI is a useful neurophysiological measurement in ALS patients. Moreover, we might suggest NI values from the median nerve/abductor pollicis brevis and the posterior tibial nerve/abductor hallucis also could be used in measuring the functional status of ALS patients.

Korean version of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised: A Pilot Study on the Reliability and Validity

BACKGROUND: The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) is a quantitative measure of ALS-related physical deficit with established reliability and validity in prospective clinical research. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of ALSFRS-R (K-ALSFRS-R). METHODS: The subjects of the study were 51 patients with ALS diagnosed on the basis of El Escorial criteria. The patients were evaluated by one rater using K-ALSFRS-R, Norris scale, and Appel ALS rating scale on the same day. Subsequently, K-ALSFRS-R was measured by two other raters using a videotape design. Test-retest data were obtained within the time interval of 7 days. RESULTS: Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high. Inter-rater comparisons showed significant reliability with Kappa or Kendall's tau-b value. Moreover, K-ALSFRS-R scores correlated significantly with clinical status as measured by Norris and Appel ALS rating scale. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that K-ALSFRS-R would be a reliable and useful instrument for the evaluation of functional status in patients with ALS.

A case of Crohn's Disease with Optic Neuritis and Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Neurological complications associated with Crohn's disease are infrequent and optic neuritis is extremely rare. We report a 20-year-old man showing optic neuritis and Wernicke's encephalopathy as complications of Crohn's disease. We suggest that nutritional deficiency caused Wernicke's encephalopathy and the immunologic abnormality of Crohn's disease induced the complication of optic neuritis. This patient is the first reported case showing optic neuritis and Wernicke's encephalopathy simultaneously as neurological complications of Crohn's disease in Korea.

Relapsing Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common type of viral encephalitis and a fourteen day administration of acyclovir is well-known as the treatment of choice for HSE. Occasionally HSE relapses, but rarely with acyclovir treatment. We report a case of relapsing HSE after treatment with acyclovir for 14 days. Our case suggests that patients with progressive high signal intensities in diffusion-weighted brain MRIs might need longer antiviral therapy over 14 days for preventing the relapse of herpes simplex encephalitis.

Significance of Retinal Microvascular Changes in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND: Retinal microvascular abnormalities reflect cerebral microvascular changes. However, there is few clinical data on the relationship between retinal microvascular changes and intracranial arterial stenosis or stroke subtypes. We examined the association between white matter changes (WMCs) or large artery stenosis and retinal microvascular changes, stroke subtypes. METHODS: We investigated demographic features, retinal microvascular changes, intracranial large arterial stenosis, WMCs and stroke subtypes in 100 acute ischemic stroke patients over 2 years who had taken retinal photography and underwent brain MRI with MR angiography. Retinal photography was evaluated for specific retinal microvascular change by grader using standardized protocol. Intracranial arterial stenosis was defined by MR angiography. WMCs were coded from 1 for normal to 8 for most severe degree. And we defined "White matter lesion" as grade 3 or more. Stroke subtypes were classified by TOAST criteria. RESULTS: Among the retinal microvascular changes, retinal hemorrhage, arteriovenous nicking, focal and generalized arteriolar narrowing and venous congestion were significantly correlated with intracranial large arterial stenosis. There was no relationship between the retinal microvascular changes and stroke subtypes. And only focal arteriolar narrowing was significantly correlated with WML. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microvascular changes seen in patients with ischemic stroke were related to intracranial large arterial stenosis. We might suggest that the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular changes is related to that of large arterial atherosclerosis.

Evaluation of Epilepsy-Related Information on the Korean Web Sites / 대한간질학회지

BACKGROUND: The internet has a great amount of medical information for patients, but because no standards exist regarding the publication of medical literature on the internet, the quality of the internet information is quite variable. The purpose of our study was to assess the content and ethics of information on epilepsy, which is available on the Korean internet. METHODS: The search word "epilepsy" or "seizure" was entered into the five most commonly utilized Korean internet search engines. The web sites were divided into the higher or lower rank site on the basis of popularity ranking, and then evaluated by using both ethic and content value scales. The comparison between two groups was analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty eight epilepsy web sites were identified and divided into two equal groups. The average scores of ethic and content value scales were below half of the total score in the higher rank group as well as the lower. The score of higher rank group was not different statistically to that of lower rank group in both value scales. In addition, the score in the epilepsy specialists group was not higher than that in the non-specialists as well. DISCUSSION: The internet is easily accessible source of medical information including epilepsy. Moreover, because lots of epileptic patients are using the web for obtaining the information, the web information should be standardized. The results of our study show that clinicians should not recommend the epilepsy web site as a source of information for epileptic patients unless the epilepsy websites have been evaluated and assessed.