RESUMEN
Phase I metabolic enzyme CYP1A1 plays an important role in xenobiotics metabolism and has been extensively studied as a cancer risk biomarker. CYP1A1 is polymorphic and its four variants, e.g., CYP1A1* 2 A, CYP1A1* 2C, CYP1A1* 3 and CYP1A1* 4 with trivial names m1, m2, m3, and m4 respectively, are most commonly studied for cancer link. Gene‑ gene interaction studies combining polymorphisms of this enzyme with those of phase II detoxifying enzymes, especially glutathione S‑ transferases (GSTs) revealed greater risk for cancer susceptibility. Variants of CYP1A1 have also been found to be associated with chemotherapeutic adverse‑ effects. Results of these studies, however, remained largely contradictory mainly because of lack of statistical power due to involvement of small sample size. Strongly powered experimental designs involving gene‑ gene, gene‑ environment interactions are required in order to validate CYP1A1 as reliable cancer‑ biomarker.
RESUMEN
Genetic influences on cancer development have been extensively investigated during the last decade following publication of human genome sequence. The present review summarizes case-control studies on genetic polymorphisms and cancer risk in Indians. It is observed that the most commonly studied genes in the Indian population included members of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. Other than these genes, genetic polymorphisms for cell cycle and apoptosis-related factors, DNA repair enzymes, immune response elements, growth factors, folate metabolizing enzymes, vitamin/hormone receptors, etc., were investigated. Several studies also evidenced a stronger risk for combined genotypes rather than a single polymorphism. Gene-environment interaction was also found to be a determining factor for cancer development in some experiments. Data for single polymorphism and single cancer type, however, was insufficient to validate an association. It appears that much more experiments involving larger sample size, cross-tabulating genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors are required in order to identify genetic markers for different cancers in Indian populations.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras del ADN/genética , Genes MHC Clase II , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Humanos , India , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Fase I de la Desintoxicación Metabólica/genética , Fase II de la Desintoxicación Metabólica/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Background: Antibacterial activities of crude Azadirachta indica (neem) bark and leaf extracts were investigated in bacterial species isolated from clinical samples of diabetic individuals. Methods and Material: Nine different dilutions of methanolic bark and leaf extracts were tested for this purpose in agar well diffusion method. Results: Both the extracts were active against Gram positive as well as Gram negative strains. Zones of inhibition produced by different bacteria for different concentrations were summarized by linear regression. Highest activities were exhibited for coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) by both bark and leaf extracts, Y = 16.95 + 0.19X and Y = 18.90 – 0.70X, respectively. Conclusions: Results indicate that exhaustive studies involving identification of specific compounds in neem extracts and testing their activities in diabetic samples would be worthwhile considering steep emergence of multidrug resistant species in diabetic infections and infections in general.