Study on Therapeutic Effect and Related Mechanism of Fuyou Granule on Precocious Puberty in SD Female Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect and related mechanism of Fuyou granule on danazol-induced precocious puberty model in rats. Method:Totally 21 cages of SD female rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Leuprorelin（0.1 g·kg^-1） and Fuyou mixture group（37.9 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose， mid-dose and low dose Fuyou granule<italic> </italic>groups（17.0，8.5，4.3 g·kg^-1）. Rats at 5 days of age were given a single subcutaneous injection of 300 μg danazol to establish the precocious puberty model. After 10 days of modeling， drug intervention was started. Vaginal opening was examined at the age of 20 days， and the gonadal development was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The levels of serum luteinizing hormone （LH）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） and estradiol （E₂） were determined by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expressions of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone （GnRH）， Kiss-1， G protein-coupled receptor 54 （GPR54） were detected by Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the expression of GnRH cells in the hypothalamus was detected by immunohistochemistry. Result:Compared with the normal group， the vaginal opening of the model group was significantly earlier， and the uterus and ovarian coefficients were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， indicating that the danazol-induced precocious puberty model was successfully established. The expression levels of GnRH， Kiss-1， and GPR54 also increased significantly （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， indicating that the danazol model can activate the HPG axis in advance， thereby inducing precocious puberty<bold>. </bold>Compared with the model group， the mid-dose Fuyou granule group significantly delayed the time of vaginal opening （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， high-dose Fuyou granule group<italic> </italic>significantly reduced uterine wall thickness and uterine coefficient （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）， mid-dose group reduced ovarian coefficient and uterine wall thickness （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. All the three dosage groups of Fuyou granule significantly reduced the content of serum hormones E₂， LH and FSH （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）， reduced the expression levels of hypothalamic GnRH， Kiss-1 and GPR54 mRNA （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and decreased the expression of GnRH cells （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Fuyou granule can achieve therapeutic precocity by regulating the Kiss-1/GPR54 system and down-regulating the expression of GnRH to inhibit the activation of the HPG axis.

The anti-glioma effects of borneol and RGD co-modified docetaxel loaded nanoparticles after intranasal administration / 药学学报

Borneol (Bo) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) co-modified docetaxel (DTX) loaded MPEG-PLGA nanoparticles (DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs) were prepared to improve the therapeutic effect of DTX against glioma after intranasal administration. DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs were prepared by emulsification-solvent evaporation method, and their morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity (DLC), stability, and in vitro release properties were investigated. The fluorescence probe coumarin-6 loaded NPs were prepared for investigating the NPs' uptake property on C6 and 16HBE cell models to evaluate in vitro targeting ability. The DiR loaded NPs were prepared for observing the fluorescence intensity at the brain tumor site after intranasal administration through in vivo imaging system in a C6 rat orthotropic model, evaluating the targeting ability in vivo. The anti-tumor effects of DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs were also investigated in such C6 rat orthotropic model in vivo. Animal welfare and experimental procedures are in compliance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The results showed that DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs were spherical and uniformly distributed, with a particle size of about 140 nm and a zeta potential of -20 to -30 mV. The drug delivery system showed good stability and sustained release property in vitro, and favorable brain tumor targeting effect in vitro and in vivo. Such novel drug delivery system significantly improved the accumulation of DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs in tumor sites and displayed a higher brain tumor targeting efficiency, providing promising therapeutics of DTX for the treatment of glioma after intranasal administration.

Combination of Geniposide and Eleutheroside B Exerts Antidepressant-like Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression Mice Model / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the antidepressant-like effect and action mechanism of geniposide and eleutheroside B combination treatment on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression mice model.@*METHODS@#Depression mice model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Totally 48 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (8 rats per group) according to a random number table, including normal, model, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), geniposide (100 mg/kg) + eleutheroside B (100 mg/kg), geniposide + eleutheroside B + WAY 100635 (0.03 mg/kg), geniposide + eleutheroside B+ N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA, 75 mg/kg) groups, respectively. After continuous administration for 10 days, autonomic activity tests after 30 min of administration were performed on the 10th day. On the 11th day, except for the normal group, the mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (1 mg/kg), and the behavioral tests were performed 4 h later. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) levels in mice serum. The mRNA expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nuclear transcription factor (NF- κB) were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western-blot analysis was used to detect IDO and NF- κB protein expressions in hippocampus tissue.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the normal group, a single administration of LPS increased the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST, P<0.01), without affecting autonomous activity. Compared with the model group, fluoxetine and geniposide + eleutheroside B administration significantly improved the immobility time of depressed mice in the FST and TST, decreased serum IL-1 β content, inhibited the expression levels of NF- κ B gene and protein in hippocampus tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the model group, geniposide + eleutheroside B treatment significantly reduced serum TNF-α content and inhibited IDO mRNA and protein expressions in hippocampus (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, NMDA partly prevented the inhibition of IDO mRNA expression by geniposide + eleutheroside B; NMDA and WAY-100635 also partly prevented the reduction of IL-1 ß content induced by geniposide + eleutheroside B treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The combination of geniposide and eleutheroside B showed a certain antidepression-like effect. Its main mechanism of action may be contributed to inhibiting the activation of NF- κB, decreasing the proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 β, and inhibiting in the neuroinflammatory reaction. Additionally, it also affects tryptophan metabolism, reduces the expression of a key enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, IDO. And this antidepressant-like effect may be mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine and glutamate systems.

Effect of chromodomain helicase/ATPase DNA binding protein 1-like gene on the invasion and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 cells / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#A study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of chromodomain helicase/ATPase DNA binding protein 1-like gene (CHD1L) influencing the invasion and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma and to provide a new target for clinical inhibition of invasion and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.@*METHODS@#Ualcan website was used to analyze the expression of CHD1L in normal epithelial tissue and primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to analyze the effect of lymph node metastasis on the expression of CHD1L in tissues with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The relationship between CHD1L expression and the survival rate of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was tested by the GEPIA website. Western blot was used to quantify the levels of CHD1L protein in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 and immortalized human skin keratinocyte cell HaCaT. After knocking down CAL27 in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells with an RNA interference plasmid, the cells were designated as SiCHD1L/CAL27 and Scr/CAL27. Western blot was utilized to detect the expression of CHD1L in each group of cells. The change in CAL27 cell proliferation ability was tested by EdU proliferation test after CHD1L knockdown. The change of cell migration ability of each group cells was tested through the wound healing assay. Western blot was used to detect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker E-cadherin and Vimentin protein expression levels.@*RESULTS@#Ualcan database showed that the expression of CHD1L in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues was higher than in normal epithelial tissues and in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues with lymph node metastasis. GEPIA website analysis showed that the overall survival rate of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with high expression of CHD1L was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression. Western blot results showed that CHD1L expression in human tongue squamous carcinoma cells CAL27 was higher than that of human normal skin cells HaCaT. CHD1L expression in SiCHD1L/CAL27 cells was much lower than that in Scr/CAL27 cells. Results of EdU proliferation experiments showed the significant reduction in the cell proliferation ability of the SiCHD1L/CAL27 cells. Results of the wound healing experiments showed the reduction in the migration capacity of the SiCHD1L/CAL27 cells. The expression of E-cadherin increased, whereas that of Vimentin decreased, in SiCHD1L/CAL27 cells.@*CONCLUSIONS@#CHD1L promoted the EMT, proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells.

TMED2 is Regulated by miR-5583-5p to Elicit an Oncogene Effect in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common type of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with high morbidity and mortality. Many studies have shown that microRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA that regulate the post-transcriptional processing of target genes, resulting in the degradation and translation inhibition of target mRNA. However, how the transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 2 (TMED2) is regulated by miR-5583-5p on migration, invasion, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of TSCC Cal-27 cells is unclear. In this study, a database was used to analyze the expression of TMED2 in HNSCC (P <0. 001) in head and neck cancer (HNC). Western blot showed that the expression of TMED2 protein was up-regulated in 6 cases of TSCC tissues and cell lines such as SCC-9, SCC-25 and CAL-27. After the Cal-27 cells transfected with TMED2 interference plasmid (SiTMED2) the expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated, and N-cadherin and Vimentin was down-regulated. Migration and invasion experiments showed that the number of cells transfused into the basement membrane of the cells was lower than that of the control group (P<0. 05). The results of EdU showed that the proliferation of Cal-27 cells transfected with SiTMED2 was decreased (P<0. 05). The results of dual luciferase experiment showed that TMED2 had a binding target to miR-5583-5p, and the expression of miR-5583-5p in Cal-27 cell was lower than that in Hoec cells. The expression of miR-5583-5p was increased and TMED2 protein was decreased after the Cal-27 cells were transfected with miR-5583-5p plasmid (P < 0. 05). In conclusion, TMED2 is regulated by miR-5583-5p and promoted the migration, invasion, proliferation and EMT of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell Cal-27.

Research progress of exosomes as drug delivery systems in the treatment of brain diseases / 药学学报

Exosomes are disk-shaped vesicles with a diameter of 40-100 nm, which are composed of natural lipid bilayers. Most cells can produce exosomes, which play an important role in physiological and pathological processes, affecting signal pathways, intercellular communication, tumor progression and molecular metastasis. Exosomes are characterized by low immunogenicity, good natural stability, long half-life, high delivery efficiency, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which can be used as a good carrier for drug delivery. This review focuses on the research progress of exosomes as drug delivery systems in the treatment of brain diseases, such as central nervous system degenerative diseases, brain tumors and cerebrovascular diseases and so on.

Effects of RAB1A on the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of RAB1A in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma.@*METHODS@#Western blot was used to detect the expression of RAB1A protein in human normal tongue epithelial cells (Hacat) and tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113. The changes in RAB1A after plasmid transfection were also studied. The Tca8113 cells were named SiRAB1A/Tca8113 after RAB1A plasmid transfection. The expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers of SiRAB1A/Tca8113 cells was also detected. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation of SiRAB1A/Tca8113 cells. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to detect the invasive and metastatic abilities of SiRAB1A/Tca8113 cells, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Western blot results showed that the expression of RAB1A in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells was significantly higher than that in Hacat. RAB1A decreased significantly after SiRAB1A plasmid transfection. CCK-8 proliferation assay showed that the proliferation of SiRAB1A/Tca8113 cells also decreased significantly. Transwell and wound healing assays demonstrated that the invasive and metastatic abilities of SiRAB1A/Tca8113 cells decreased significantly, respectively. In addition, Western blot results demonstrated that RAB1A deletion significantly increased the expression of E-cadherin and inhibited the expression of Vimentin.@*CONCLUSIONS@#RAB1A could promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Development and characterization of TPGS modified proniosomes of docetaxel / 中国中药杂志

A novel oral delivery system that TPGS modified docetaxel proniosomes, DTX-TPGS-PN, was developed and the characterization after hydration was observed. Firstly, Doce-TPGS-PN was optimized by investing the factors, including the type of surfactant, methods of adding TPGS, content of TPGS and the molar ratio of span40/cholesterol, which may affecting the particle size, encapsulation efficiency and instantaneous release of drug in the formulation. Then, the morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release of the formulation were evaluated. The result showed that hydrated nanoparticles of DTX-TPGS-PNs were (93 ± 6.5) nm in size,(-83.95 ± 3.69) mV in zeta potential, (97.31 ± 0.60)% in encapsulation efficiency, exhibiting spherical morphology and biphasic release process that a low burst effect within the first 0.5 hour and a relative-sustained release for the next several hours in PBS. These results indicate the oral delivery system of DTX-TPGS-PN was successfully built with good properties.

Progress in regulation effect of aromatic refreshing traditional Chinese medicine on BBB permeability and its mechanism / 中国中药杂志

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain against unwanted substances, while, at the same time, limits the transport of many drugs into the brain. Aromatic refreshing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can induce resuscitation and modify the permeability of BBB, promoting other drugs entering into the brain with brain protection effect. This paper mainly reviews the research progress in regulation effects and mechanism of usual aromatic refreshing TCM, such as borneol, moschus, styrax, benzoinum and Tatarinow Sweetflag Rhizome, on BBB permeability. To broaden the application of these drugs in modern pharmaceutics in the future, the relatively research should emphasis on combining aromatic refreshing TCM with new formulations and technologies in pharmaceutics, providing novel promising strategies for brain diseases therapy.