Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from hands of healthcare workers in children hospital complex, Multan

To study bacterial contamination of healthcare workers involved in patient care in children hospital with particular reference to Staphylococcus aureus carriage. The study was conducted among one hundred [100] selected healthcare workers comprising of physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, sanitary workers and administrative staff from different wards of Children Hospital Complex, Multan. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using disk diffusion method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Guidelines, 1993. Among 100 samples, 96 cultures yielded growth and four samples showed no growth Out of 96, six healthcare workers had two types of bacteria [Gram-positive and Gram-negative]. Gram-positive cocci were 88%. Of these 88% Gram-positive cocci, 54% were S.aureus, 26% were Staphylococcus epidermidis, 5% were coagulase negative staphylococci and 3% were other Gram-positive cocci. Gram-negative bacteria were only 6%. Males were having high prevalence of S.aureus 31[66%] compared to females 23[44%]. The highest prevalence of S. aureus [24%] was found in the age group of 24-29 years. S.aureus [37%] and S. epidermidis [18%] were isolated on hands of healthcare workers, who have been working for two years. Out of 54 S. aureus isolates 33[61%] were methicillin resistant. The samples collected from healthcare workers 82% isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 67% to methicillin, 51% to erythromycin, 48% to fusidic acid, 32% to amikacin, 29% to ciprofloxacin, but none was resistant to vancomycin. High prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus was found in physicians and nurses, as compared to technicians and administration staff. Hand washing practices should be promoted among health care workers

Nasal carriage of staphylococci in health care workers: antimicrobial susceptibility profile

One year prospective study was evaluated to ascertain the prevalence of nasal carriage of potentially pathogenic bacteria in health care workers and the antibiotic susceptibility profile. The bacterial strains were identified by conventional method and the antibiotic resistance was carried out by disc diffusion method. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were 48%, 46% and 14% respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates revealed that Staphylococcus aureus were more resistant towards antibiotics than coagulase negative staphylococci. The most effective antibiotic for S. aureus was found to be vancomycin with 100% efficacy, then cephalothin 92%, ciprofloxacin 91%, amikacin 77% and erythromycin 55%, ampicillin 11% and penicillin 3%. Coagulase negative staphylococci were 100% sensitive to vancomycin and cephalothin. Oxacillin showed 78% effectiveness; while ampicillin and penicillin, demonstrated 64% a nd 59% respectively. Doxycycline [93%], amikacin [93%], fusidic acid [90%] and erythromycin [92%] were effective antimicrobials

Prevalence and resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against various antibiotics

A prospective study on various clinical isolates from patients admitted from various parts of NWFP and Afghanistan at Post Graduate Medical Institute [PGMI] Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar was conducted from January 2000 to December 2004 to ascertain the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Among 4709 positive isolates, 314 [6.67%] were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest rate of infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed in orthopedic ward [24.61%] and OPD [20%], in other wards the infection was between 13% to 1.5%. Gender-wise prevalence showed 61.78% male and 38.22% females were infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were observed in pus [57.64%] and urine [24.2%] samples. Maximum Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found between March to August and the highest percentage 13.846% was observed in June. Using the disc diffusion method, the resistance patterns of 314 isolates against 14 antimicrobial agents were determined. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin [>/= 98.4%], ampicillin/ sulbactam [85.3%], co-amoxiclave [83.8%] and ofloxacin [68.4%] and least resistance was observed against amikacin [24%]. Similarly the MIC for ampicillin [4 to >2048 micro g/ml], ampicillin/sulbactam [1 to 2048 micro g/ml] and co-amoxiclave [1 to > 2048 micro g/ml] against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also high. High resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against various commonly used antibiotics showed the alarming situation. The control of drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa required rational prescribing and proper use of antibiotics

Effect of partial replacement of different defatted oil seed cakes as substrate in biosynthesis of bacitracin in solid-state fermentation by bacillus licheniformis

The present study was conducted to ascertain the effect of partial replacement of different defatted oil seed cakes as substrate i.e. sunflower meal, rice hulls and soybean meal, in biosynthesis of Bacitracin in Solid-State fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis on laboratory scale. In solid-state fermentation, wheat bran, soybean meal, sunflower meal, rice hulls and their different combinations were used. The antibiotic activity was determined at various intervals and recorded 48 hours gave maximum yield, 4375 i.u/gm when only soybean was used. However, maximum titre 4820 i.u/gm of antibiotic were obtained when wheat bran and soybean meal was in ratio of 1:3. The raw material for its production is readily available and cheap such as soybean meal, sunflower meal and wheat bran. Thus development of this technology in our country would result in utilizing our own resources in Pakistan

Antibiotic resistance pattern gramong gram-negative bacteria isolated from raw milk in multan

The use of raw milk in Pakistan has led to the antibiotics resistance. This investigation has showed incidence and antibiotic resistance among Coliform and Klebsiella to nalidixic acid, urixin and little to chloramphenicol. Enterobacter was sensitive to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and showed little resistance to chloramphenicol. E. coli were very sensitive to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, urixin, amoxil and with no resistance to ceftriaxone