TNF – α Polymorphism In Periodontitis: A Review.

A gene is the molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. A gene is said to be polymorphic if multiple allele occupies that gene’s locus within a given population. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory adipokine involved in systemic inflammation and arouse acute phase reaction. Large amounts of TNF-α are released in response to lipopolysaccharides, other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1). TNF-α maps to chromosome 6p21.3, spans to about 3 kilobases and contains 4 exons. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the gene encoding TNF α are largely studied. Transcription activity and levels of TNF-α is dependent on the single nucleotide polymorphisms at the various intron and exon positions. This article sheds light on the many conditions associated with TNF-α polymorphism in relation to periodontitis and other systemic diseases in brief.

Photodynamic Therapy – The Pragmatic Paradigm.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), also known as photo-radiation therapy, phototherapy, or photo-chemotherapy, involves the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer) that is activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The transfer of energy from the activated photosensitizer to available oxygen results in the formation of toxic oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals which damages proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other cellular components.PDT has wide range of applications in Dentistry ranging from antimicrobial chemotherapy to the diagnosis & treatment of premalignant and malignant conditions. Its application in Periodontics represents a novel therapeutic approach in the management of oral biofilms with consequent alterations in plaque homeostasis. An improved post surgical healing with reduced periodontal inflammation and tissue damage are the hallmarks of PDT. Its scope has been extended in Implantology to promote osseointegration and to prevent peri-implantitis. With such myriad of applications PDT has a promising future depending on the interactions between clinical applications and technological innovations. The paper appraises the various scopes that PDT envisages beyond the horizon.