RESUMEN
Background: Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disorder associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To evaluate the utility of [[18]F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in identifying vascular and systemic inflammation in psoriasis patients with moderate-to-severe disease and to analyze its usefulness in assessing the effect of systemic treatment. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind pilot study conducted in a tertiary care center. Baseline standardized uptake value score was estimated by18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and compared with historical controls. Patients were then randomized using computer-generated randomization list into methotrexate or placebo (with or without pioglitazone) groups.18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography was repeated at 12 weeks and composite standardized uptake value score determined. The correlation between Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index and SUVmax was assessed. Results: A total of 16 patients were randomized to different treatment groups. Significant increase in mean SUVmax was observed in the ascending aorta in psoriasis patients as compared to historical controls (2.03 ± 0.53 vs 1.51 ± 0.36, P < 0.03). There was no difference in composite standardized uptake value score after 12 weeks of treatment in any of the treatment groups (P = 0.82), although an improvement in Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index score in the methotrexate arm was observed. No correlation was found between mean SUVmax and Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index scores in various aortic segments (r = 0.3–0.7). Limitations: Small sample size, short follow-up, historical controls, exclusion of patients with comorbid conditions and lack of surrogate markers of systemic inflammation. Conclusion: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging showed higher vascular inflammation in ascending aorta of psoriasis patients as compared to historical controls. Systemic treatment with methotrexate and pioglitazone did not influence the vascular inflammation in the short term.
RESUMEN
Clomiphene citrate is the traditional first-line treatment for chronic anovulation that characterizes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A gold standard therapy has always been Clomiphene Citrate (CC). However, 20%-25% of PCOS women fail to ovulate with incremental doses of CC. A good body of evidence suggest that alternatives for PCOS women with CC-resistant anovulation include insulin sensitizers like metformin and pioglitazone. Insulin sensitizers improves pregnancy outcome and ovulation rate by and acts by ameliorating insulin sensitivity and hyperandrogenemia. Metformin is preferred in obese women. Gonadotropins induce ovulation and maintain optimal follicle growth via controlled administration of follicle stimulation hormone. Two regimens are used which includes high and low dose regimen. Low dose regimen is preferred but is associated adverse effects like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and increased cost. Extending clomiphene therapy reduces cost and improves pregnancy outcome. Glucocorticoids are preferably used when serum Dehydroepiandrosterone levels are > 200µg/dL. Bromocriptine improves ovulation rate by decreasing prolactin levels. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin restores ovulation but its use is limited during intrauterine insemination. Tamoxifen acts in a similar way as CC but has lesser antiestrogenic effect on the endometrium, cervical mucus, and granulosa cells, hence an added advantage of monofollicular ovulation. Aromatase inhibitors block conversion androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen in ovary and improves ovulation rate. Added advantage includes lesser cost, simple to use, no danger of multiple pregnancies and convenient for patient. Combination of GnRH analogues and Gonadotropins are associated with increased risk of OHSS. D-chiro-inositol, N-Acetylcysteine, melatonin and acarbose are tried with little success.
RESUMEN
The objective of an observational study was to evaluate the drug prescribing pattern in the pediatric population in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The most common illness, which warranted admission to PICU, was bronchopneumonia (33.3%) followed by bronchiolitis (17.5%) and bronchial asthma (7.9%). Average no. of Antimicrobial Agents received per patient was 3.9. Parenteral drugs accounted for 86.1% of the total drugs prescribed. The most common AMAs prescribed were cephalosporins (26.1%), aminoglycosides (20.9%), beta-lactams (excluding cephalosporins) (17.4%) and fluoroquinolones (11.1%). Beta-lactams contributed to 44% of the total AMA cost followed by cephalosporins (31.8%) and miscellaneous AMAs (8.5%). The total number of preparation encounter per prescription was 9.7±4.8 per patient. The total number of single drug prescription was 88.4% and fixed drug combinations were 11.6%. Among the total drugs prescribed, 45.26% were generic and 54.73% constituted branded drugs. Overall 51% of the total drugs prescribed were from the WHO List of Essential Medicine 2010. There should be more emphasis on prescribing generic drugs and in case of similar efficacy the drug with lesser cost should be preferred.