Mixed venous versus central venous oxygen saturation in patients undergoing on pump beating coronary artery bypass grafting

To examine the validity of central venous oxygen saturation [ScvO 2] as a numerical substitution of mixed venous oxygen saturation [SvO 2] in adult patients undergoing normothermic on pump beating coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]. Prospective clinical observational study was done at King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Thirty four adult patients scheduled for coronary artery surgery were included. Patients were monitored by a pulmonary artery catheter [PAC] as a part of our routine intraoperative monitoring. SvO 2 and ScvO 2 were simultaneously measured 15 minutes [T1] and 30 minutes [T2] after induction of anesthesia, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass [T3 and T4], and 15 and 30 minutes after admission to intensive care unit [T5 and T6]. ScvO 2 showed higher reading than SvO 2 all through our study. Our results showed perfect positive statistically significant correlation between SvO 2 and ScvO 2 at all data points. Individual mean of difference [MOD] between both the readings at study time showed MOD of 1.34 and 1.44 at T1 and T2 simultaneously. This MOD was statistically insignificant, but after on pump beating normothermic bypass was initiated; MOD was 5.2 and 4.4 at T3 and T4 with high statistical significance. In ICU, MOD continues to have high statistical significance, MOD was 6.3 at T5 and at T6 it was 4.6. In on pump beating CABG patients; ScvO 2 and SvO 2 are not interchangeable numerically. ScvO 2 is useful in the meaning of trend; our data suggest that ScvO 2 is equivalent to SvO 2, only in the course of clinical decisions as long as absolute values are not required

Renal surgery on anatomical basis: I Study of pelvic-alyceal system

150 human kidneys of different ages and sex [60 specimens for plastic corrosion, 20 specimens for thick white gelatine methods] were used as well as 70 I.V.U. [Intra- Venous Urography] of normal persons were studied. The careful examination of these specimens showed 5 pelvi- calyceal patterns and 3 types of the renal pelvis. It is of extreme importance to put in consideration the number and direction of the minor calyces to help the urosurgeon and radiologist in the process of percutaneous nephrolithotomy or partial nephrectomy. Also, to have some experience to be able to distinguish posterior calyces "en face" from anterior calyces "in profile" on an antero- posterior radiograph

Prognostic value of urodynamic evaluation of incontinent females

This work entails study of 56 females with non neurogenic urinary incontinence. 38 with stress urinary incontinence and 18 with urge incontinence. All were evaluated clinically and urodynamically. 29 patients with stress urinary incontinence were operated upon, 15 were cured completely and 14 still have some form of incontinence. The minimum recommended urodynamic investigations are provocative cystometry and urethral pressure profile both resting and on stress