Assessment of Quality of Life for Scheuermann’s Kyphosis Patients with Cobb’s Angle 50°–65° Treated Conservatively or Surgically in North Jordan: A Prospective Comparative Study

Background@#Scheuermann’s disease is the most common cause of hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine during the adolescence period. It causes neck and lower back pain, restriction of lung expansion, traction of the spinal cord, increased vulnerability to vertebral fracture, and a hump. Patients with curves 60°. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to assess the quality of life and functional changes in conservatively or surgically treated Scheuermann’s disease patients with a curve size of 50°–65° in north Jordan. @*Methods@#Sixty-three adolescent patients with Scheuermann’s kyphosis (aged between 10 and 18 years) were treated at our hospital between January 2014 and August 2018. All patients were investigated clinically, radiologically (Cobb’s angle), and functionally (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], Scoliosis Research Society 22 revision [SRS-22r] questionnaire, and pulmonary function test [PFT]) preand post-treatment (final follow-up). Patients were randomly selected for treatment method (conservative versus surgical). @*Results@#There were 31 patients (mean age, 15.48 ± 2.50 years) and 32 patients (mean age, 16.19 ± 1.51 years) treated conservatively and surgically, respectively. Mean ± standard deviation of ODI, SRS-22r, and Cobb’s angle of the surgical group improved from 16.8% ± 14.3%, 3.5 ± 0.5, and 58.75° ± 3.59°, respectively, pre-surgery to 13.4% ± 10.8%, 4.2 ± 0.5, and 41.53° ± 3.94°, respectively, post-surgery, while those of the conservative group became worse from 12.6% ± 13.4%, 3.9 ± 0.7, and 56.1° ± 3.3°, respectively, to 20.1% ± 13.6%, 3.5 ± 0.7, and 58.8° ± 5.8°, respectively. The surgical group showed better improvement in all scores than the conservative group (p < 0.05), as well as in PFT. @*Conclusions@#Surgical treatment of Scheuermann’s kyphosis with curves of 50°–65° resulted in better QOL, Cobb’s angle, and PFT than conservative treatment. This was because of lower patient cooperation in the conservative management group, which made the curve less flexible for exercises and bracing.

Effect of steroid loaded middle meatal gelfoam sheet on endoscopic sinus surgery outcome

Background: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) represents the overall accepted type of surgical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) refractory to medical treatment. Presence of postoperative Middle meatal adhesions are a potential cause of surgical failure. Triamcinolone is recently proposed as a solution for these adhesions. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of steroid loaded middle meatal gelfoam sheet on endoscopic sinus surgery outcome regarding middle meatal adhesions and synechiae formation in patients with CRSwNP refractory to medical treatment. Patients and Methods: This prospective, randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 62 nasal cavities of 31 patients with bilateral CRSwNP. At the end of ESS, randomly gelfoam sheet loaded with triamcinolone was placed in one middle meatus and another gelfoam sheet loaded with saline in the contralateral middle meatus for 1 week. Results: Our results as regards topical application of steroids to the middle meatus showed a statistically significant difference between the steroid side and the saline (control) side in reduction of synechia formation after ESS. Therefore, topical application of steroids is effective in minimizing synechiae formation after ESS. It is also safe and no local or systemic complications were noted during the study. Conclusion: Results of our study demonstrated that the steroid loaded middle meatal gelfoam sheet has a role in minimizing middle meatal adhesions and synechiae formation after endoscopic sinus surgery for patients with CRSwNP

Frequency of awareness and practice of stethoscope hygiene with regards to guide line among medical students, residents and doctors In Karachi

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify "implications" of guidelines provided to participants at the end of a survey for improvement in stethoscope hygiene

Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2016 in which a questionnaire was designed to know the awareness of stethoscope hygiene among health care practitioners. The questionnaire was distributed to 150 consented participants, out of which 138 complete [92%] responses [49, [32%] attending physicians, 50[33%] residents and 39[26%] medical students]; comprising of 84 [61%] females and 54 [39%] males was acquired. The responses included following consulting clinics [n=30, 22%], wards [n=41, 30%], intensive care units [n=41, 30%] and acute care units [n=26, 18%]. At the end of the survey practicing guidelines were discussed and hard copy given to respondents. They were then asked to tell about to the impact of these guide lines on their measures to maintain stethoscope hygiene

Results: It was observed that health care practioners consented to start stethoscope cleaning at the start of every clinic, 33.3% showed their intentions for educating others by verbal instructions, and 66.7% were said they will recommend alcohol swab for cleaning of stethoscope

Conclusion: The survey on stethoscope hygiene with practicing guidelines reflects the awareness generated in the respondents. It is further expected that they will disseminate the information and educate others to consider importance of stethoscope sanitation and practice its hygiene

Perception of knowledge, attitude, practice of safety, effectiveness, consequences and management of bariatric surgery among community in Jeddah City

Background: obesity is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The use of bariatric surgery has recently increased dramatically in order to lose weight fast; however, the heavy consequences and the long-term weight loss induced by bariatric surgery has favorable effects on life span remains unclear

Aim of Study: This study was aimed to explore knowledge and beliefs about safety, effectiveness and consequences of bariatric surgeries among community population in Jeddah city and to evaluate the role of demographic factors in shaping those beliefs, and assess possible associations between demographic characteristics with lose weight preventive behavior

Patients and methods: This study was done in 2016 and carried out among a sample of 474 citizens, of them 70.1% women and 29.9% men. The mean age of citizens was 35.77. To assess citizens' demographic factors, risk factors of obesity and beliefs about bariatric surgeries, consenting citizens responded to an anonymous online questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data were entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS, version 20] and descriptive analysis conducted

Results: the results of the current study show that among the respondents, [24.5%] were obese, [13.7%] severely obese and [9.3%] were morbid obese. The majority of them believed that the lack of exercise is the cause of their obesity [45.7%], [71% ] of the respondents think that genetics play a role in obesity, [69.3%] of respondents have someone in their family who suffers from obesity and [61.6%] were not keen to exercise. The majority of respondents [77.4%] think that weight loss procedures contribute to weight loss, however [69.8%] are not of favor towards weight loss procedures to get rid of obesity, [63.4%] of them have not undergone any surgery, and [86.6%] of the respondents do not think of surgeries as their first choice to lose weight without exercise or diet, also [71.0%] think that weight loss procedures and its complications may lead to death. The majority of the respondents [74%] have inadequate beliefs about bariatric surgery and [50.8%] of the respondents have good knowledge on prevention behavior of obesity

way forward for teaching and learning of Physiology: Students' perception of the effectiveness of teaching methodologies

Objective: To compare the perception of medical students on the usefulness of the interactive lectures, case-based lectures, and structured interactive sessions [SIS] in teaching and learning of Physiology

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to December 2012 at Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, which had qualitative and quantitative aspects, assessed by selfreported questionnaire and focused group discussion [FGD]. The questionnaire was distributed to 100 medical students after completion of first year of teaching of MBBS Physiology. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 15. Differences were considered significant at p-values <0.05 after application of Friedman test. Responses of FGD were analyzed

Results: All the teaching methodologies helped in understanding of precise learning objectives. The comprehension of structure and functions with understanding of difficult concepts was made best possible by SIS [p=0.04, p<0.01]. SIS enabled adult learning, self-directed learning, peer learning and critical reasoning more than the other teaching strategies [p< 0.01]

Conclusion: SIS involved students who used reasoning skills and power of discussion in a group to comprehend difficult concepts for better understanding of Physiology as compared to interactive and casebased lectures

Smooth muscle proliferation in fibroadenoma

A twenty-nine-year-old Bahraini female presented with painless right breast lump of thirteen years duration. The lump was 7.5 cm, well-defined, mobile and located in the lower inner quadrant of the right breast with no palpable axillary lymph nodes. Breast ultrasound findings revealed right breast hypoechoic mass slightly irregular and lobulated with minimal cystic changes, vascularity and faint focal calcification. Fineneedle aspiration cytology was C2 [benign]. The lump was surgically removed. The lump measured 55x55x32 mm, lobulated, firm and tan colored tissue. Histopathology revealed benign tumor formed of mixed epithelial and stromal components. Immunohistochemically, the stromal spindle cells were strongly positive for smooth muscle myosin. Microscopic and immunohistochemical findings proved that the abundant stromal elements were smooth muscle cells

Assessment of antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent miscarriage at GMMMC, Sukkur

Objective: To determine and analysis of Antiphospholipid Antibodies in women with RecurrentMiscarriage belongs to District Sukkur

Study Design:Cross-sectionals study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur and women attending local health clinics enrolled in this study after taking their informed consent fromMay, 2012 to August2013

Materials and Methods: In this study 205 patients were taken. Patient's whole blood was collected by disposable syringes through vein puncture technique from cubital vein and maximum of 10 ml blood was taken. An aliquot of this blood [4 ml] was transferred in the EDTA containing tube. Immediately after collection plasma was separated and stored at -40 °C for the measurement of plasma Anti phospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies level. 5 ml blood was drawn in plain tube and allowed to clot, and then serum was separated and used for blood cholesterol, HDL, LDL and Plasma lipid concentration

Results: In the current research of district Sukkur showed the highest frequency in age group of 26 to 35 years [Table 140]. In physical parameters, BMI, calories intake and maternal history of RM of patients and control subjects showed significant [p<0.05] difference. In present study the assessment of antiphospholipids antibodies [aPL] 1.95 % which were significantly different [p<0.05] than controls. Results of anticardiolipin antibodies [aCL] showed 2.43 % prevalence in patients with recurrentmiscarriage

Conclusion: The present study indicated that antiphospholipid antibodies and anticardiolipin antibodies were found an indipanded risk for recurrent miscarriage in population of Sukkur

Relationship of anemia with nutrition among pregnant women residing in urban slums of Taluka Qasimabad, district Hyderabad

Objective: To find out relationship of anemia with nutrition among pregnant women residing in urban slum areas of Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad

Study design: A community based cross sectional descriptive study

Place and duration of study: Study was conducted in urban slum areas of Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad from 1[st] March 2011 to 31[st] August 2011

Methodology: Two hundred and fifty [250] pregnant women during 2[nd] and 3[rd] trimester of pregnancy were included in the study. The qualitative data collected by filling questionnaire comprised of demographic information about woman, her family and about her diet. The quantitative data collected by assessing anemia by determining the hemoglobin level in the enrolled pregnant women

Results: Two hundred and fifty [250] pregnant women were included in the study. Two hundred and thirty three pregnant women were found anemic [93.2 %]. Majority of the women ie 70% presented with moderate anemia [hemoglobin level 7.0-9.9g /dl] while severe anemia [hemoglobin level <7 g/dl] was recorded in 5.2% pregnant women. While17.6% women presented with mild anemia [hemoglobin range 10.0-10.9g/dl]. Majority of the women in study population were not taking balanced diet i.e. 232 out of total 250 and all of them were anemic not taking balanced diet and statistically significant association was found between occurrence of anemia and unbalanced diet. [p= 0.00]

Conclusions: Our study showed a significant association between occurrence of anemia during pregnancy and unbalanced diet on the studied population

Analysis of syphilis and associated risk factors in pregnant women belongs to remote areas of sukkur

To determine and analysis of Syphilis and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women Belongs to Remote Areas of Sukkur. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted on women belongs to peripheral areas of sukkur over a period of fifteen months, which beginning in May, 2012. Patient's 5ml whole blood was collected through venepuncture technique. Data were collected by all women answered a questionnaire and by investigating Blood Sample VDRL test and FTA-ABS test. The study was conducted in a confidential manner and numbers were used to identify the participant. Total 200 Pregnant women were included in the present study. Mean age of women was 25.4 years while range was 18 to 39 years. Out of the 200 samples, 6 [3.0%] were positive for active syphilis. Majority was belonging to low socioeconomic group of population. Active syphilis infection in pregnant women belongs to remote areas with low socioeconomic level were significantly disquieting. Alarming results of this study suggestive that seropositive status is often discovered in routine serological studies during pregnancy at health centers and efficient prolonged treatment of mother were available

Study to estimate the prevalence of malaria infection in Sukkur

The aim of the study to estimate the prevalence of malaria amongst the population with fever or history of fever at sukkur. Cross sectional study. This study conducted at laboratory Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospital Sukkur from January 2011 to December 2012. Total 1746 clinical suspected case of malaria were included in the study. Patients presenting with fever were screened, thick and thin blood films prepared on microscopic glass slide, stained with 5% Giemsa's stain. There were 344 cases below 11 years, 590 cases between 11 to 20 years.812 cases above 20 years. They were 960 males and 786 females, with male to female ratio 1.2:1 .The prevalence of plasmodium slide positivity was 7.9% [138/1746]. Among plasmodium slide positive, 60.5% [83/138] were positive for P.vivax and 39.5% [55/138] were positive for P. falciparum. Identification of malaria cases in early acute phase of disease is significant for proper curative treatment. Anti mosquito eradication measures should be taken for breeding places of vector with personal protection measures and awareness program for malaria should be initiated

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical and demographic characteristics

To determine the clinical and demographic characteristics of children diagnosed with Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [SSPE]. Case series. The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2000 to June 2012. A retrospective analysis was done, regarding medical charts of 43 children under the age of 16 years with a discharge diagnosis of SSPE. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Results were expressed as percentages. Most of the 43 patients were male [72%]. The average age at presentation was 8.7 years with average duration of symptoms being 100.6 days. History of measles was present in 17 patients [39.5%]. All children had seizures at presentation and 65% had cognitive impairment. Most patients required poly therapy for control of seizures. Sodium valproate was the most commonly used anti-epileptic agent; Isoprinosine was tried in 22 [51%] patients. CSF for antimeasles antibodies was positive in approximately 86% of the 40 [93%] children. EEG showed burst suppression pattern in 36 [83.7%] cases. Forty-two patients [97.6%] were discharged home in a vegetative state. SSPE is progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It can be prevented by timely immunization against measles. Measles antibody in the CSF is diagnostic for SSPE and is helpful in early diagnosis. Most patients experience a gradual but progressive decline in motor and cognitive functions

Application of a new design of cryo-jaw and its biomechanical evaluation in rat achilles tendon in vitro / 生物医学工程学杂志

This study was aimed to design a new, accurate and easy-to-use water bath cryo-jaw, and try to solve the problems met in small animals achilles tendon mechanical testing. The muscle-tendon-bony units were fixed in the clamps. SD rats achilles tendon were randomly divided into group A and B. Group A was tested by the newly designed water bath cryo-jaw, while group B was treated by non-water bath cryo-jaw. The mechanical tests revealed that non of the samples of the newly-designed water bath cryo-jaw in group A slipped and fell off, and the achilles tendons were in a physiologically active state, but one of the group B samples slipped and fell off, and the others had the frozen phenomenon obviously. The maximum stress, fracture displacement and Young's modulus of the rats in group A were significantly different compared to those in group B (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the new water bath cryo-jaw has more advantages than traditional ones. It exhibits a good simulation in vivo in the environmental conditions for testing the mechanical properties of the achilles tendon.

Isolation of E-coli in UTI cases with malnutrition in children of distant rural area of Sukkur, Sindh

A cross-sectional study of isolation of Escherichia coli in urine culture of children and its correlation to childhood malnutrition induce microcytic hypochromic anaemia [I.D.A]. Cross Sectional Study. This study was carried out at the Biochemistry Department, GMMMC, Sukkur from 01.12.2011 to 31.05.2013. Study was carry out among the children under 05 [five] years of age. Number of children included in this study was 150. Structured questionnaire were use to obtain the required data. Laboratory investigation of blood, urine samples was performing by standard methods and anthropometric data also collected. The results showed that Escherichia coli positive children are 64.0%, 60.5% Childs has extremely low body weight, 43.6% shows stunting and 21.7% was wasting. This study showed that there is correlation between Urinary tract infection and malnutrition. So, energy yielding nutrients containing 8 - 10 essential amino acids, fates and minerals may be supplemented to less privileged patients of remote rural area of sukkur to enhance immune status

Screening for dengue virus infection at GMMMC hospital, Sukkur

Dengue is a severe arthropod borne viral disease characterized by fever, headache, retro - orbital pain, maculopapular rash, and thrombocytopenia. Disease is transmitted from one human to another by bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. Disease now a days occurs in more than 100 countries worldwide. Study designed for screening suspected or probable cases to detect specific antibodies response in early stage of disease. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur from October, 2010 to October, 2012. Patients presenting with fever, bleeding tendencies, maculopapular rash or fever with thrombocytopenia were screened as per WHO criteria for suspected dengue infection. Blood was collected after 4 - 5 days of onset of illness. The serologic test was performed by using rapid immunochromatographic assay detection of anti dengue immunoglobulin M [IgM] antibodies. 162 cases were screened for dengue infection. 16 [9.9%] patients were positive with anti-dengue IgM. 12 patients were male and 04 were female. Platelets count was observed below 100 x 10[3] cmm[3] in patients with dengue infection. Identification of dengue virus infection in early acute phase of disease is significant for morbidity and mortality screening of suspected cases and anti-mosquito eradication measures should be taken for breading sites of vector, mass education, and awareness programs may be initiated

Clinical profile and outcome of children admitted with status epileptics in PICU of a developing country

Status epilepticus [SE] is a common, life-threatening neurologic disorder. The exact incidence is not known. The frequency of occurrence of status epilepticus is 17-23 per 100, 000 persons per year, with the higher incidences occurring in developing countries. In children the mortality from SE ranges from 3-10%. To describe the etiology, clinical profile and immediate-outcome of children with status epilepticus at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi. This is a descriptive and retrospective cohort study on all children admitted in our institution with diagnosis of status epileptics [ICD 9 code 3453]. Demographic, pertinent clinical variables and outcomes were collected on structured questionnaire. During the study period, fifty patients were identified. Mean age was 51 months [age range was 1-168 months with SD +/- 41 months]. There were 29 male: and 21 female. Generalized tonic clonic seizures were the most common [86%] form of seizures observed. Twenty- five [50%] patients were newly diagnosed with no prior history of seizure. Acute febrile illness or infections were the most common etiology [52%]. No biochemical abnormalities were observed in our study. Abnormal EEG was reported in 62% of patients. CSF abnormalities were observed in 22%. Minimum 2 and maximum 8 anti-epileptic drugs were used [mean= 4.33]. The most commonly parenteral drugs included phenytoin, phenobarbitone, levetiracetam and valproic acid. Thirty- one [62%] patients required continuous midazolam infusion. In majority [44%], status was controlled after more than 60mins. Thirty-three patients [66%] required PICU admission for seizure control. Thirty one [62%] required mechanical ventilation, twenty five [50%] required inotropic support. Mean PICU stay duration was 3.89 days [range=1-15 days]. Survival rate was 92%. The cause of death [n=4] was related to underlying systemic illness. No complications were observed in forty-one [82%] patients. In our report, young children had a high incidence of SE and the most common etiology was acute febrile illness. Majority of cases were refractory SE although the mortality rate was low

Postembolization infarction in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

We report the occurrence of cerebro-vascular accident, following selective embolization of internal maxillary artery [IMA] in a young male patient aged 18 years admitted at ENT Department, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital [ASH] with diagnosis of recurrent juvenile nasophayrngeal angiofibroma [JNA]. Angiography and selective trans-femoral embolization was done as an adjunctive measure before the definite surgical removal of this benign tumourous condition. The child developed weakness of the right half of body with slurred speech and drowsiness. CT scan of brain revealed the diagnosis of postembolization infarction. The patient recovered with no obvious signs of clinical residual weakness. Surgical excision after ligation of feeding vessel has been planned

Weeds of bitter gourd [Momordica charantia-Linn.] crop in district Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan

Survey of weeds of bitter gourd Momordica charantia Linn.] crop was carried out during 2000-2001 with the view to check their competition with vegetable crop of bitter gourd from District Sukkur. Five different growing localities viz. Abad, Bagarji, Kando Wahan, Salehpat and Rohri were selected for this study. Twenty six weed species belonging to 15 angiospermic families have been recorded from the study areas. The most dominant species recorded from all selected sites was Convolvulus arvensis with a density% of 33.02. It was followed by Cyperus rotundus, Trianthema portulacastrum, Amaranthus viridis, Corchorus aestuans and Echinochloa crus-galli with density of 3.23-16.18%. Whereas the most frequent species was Cyperus rotundus with frequency% of 96, followed by Cynodon dactylon, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia hirta, Echinochloa colona, Portulaca oleracea and Trianthema portulacastrum with a frequency% ranging from 64-72

Treatment of inter-trochanteric fractures in adults with dynamic hip screws without radiological control - an operational dilemma

Objective: The objective was to assess the early [immediate post-operative] and final outcome of fracture union, mal-union, non-union, avascular necrosis, implantfailure and infection

Material and Methods: A prospective study of fifty five patients of intertrochanteric fractures treated with dynamic hip screws [DHS] without radiological control [C-arm and X-rays] was conducted at Orthopaedic Department, Services Hospital Lahore. AO classification of intertrochanteric fractures was used and fractures were classified as A1, A2 and A3 fractures

Results: There were 20 [40%] A1, 25 [50%] A2 and 5 [10%] A3 fractures. All fractures were reduced and fixed with DHS. 19 patients [38%] had ideally placed implants, 18 patients [36%] had less ideally placed implants and 13 patients [26%] had implants in non-ideal [unsatisfactory] position that required immediate re-do surgery. Overall complication rate was 88% in A2 fractures and 80% in A3 fractures

Conclusion: DHS osteosynthesis in intertrochanteric fractures without radiological control should be discouraged. It is always better to refer the cases where radiological facilities are available in order to avoid morbidity, increased hospital stay and financial burden on the already financially constrained individuals

Early results of primary soft tissue coverage in type III a and b open fractures of tibia

Objective: To observe the outcome of primary [early] soft tissue coverage of type III open fractures and develop a safe protocol for these injuries

Material and Methods: A prospective study of 65 patients suffering from open fractures of tibia Gustilo and Anderson type III A and B, treated with external fixation and primary soft tissue coverage was carried out in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Services Hospital, Lahore from February 2004 to June 2006. Motorcycle and automobile vs pedestrian accidents were the commonest cause comprising 90% of the injuries encountered. Strict criteria for inclusion in the study included debridement within 12 hours of injury, no sewage or organic contamination and absence of peripheral vascular disease. Poly-trauma patients were excluded. In all patients radical debridement and stabilization with mono-lateral AO external fixator was done within 12 hours, followed by primary soft tissue coverage

Results: At mean follow-up of 9 months [7-11], the outcome was excellent in 86.7%, good in 6.4% and poor in 6.9%. A total of 16 complications occurred in 12 patients; superficial infections occurred in 09, deep infections in 05 and 02 patients developed non-union requiring further surgery

Conclusion: Primary soft tissue coverage with the above indications optimizes the recovery of the patients in terms of lesser soft tissue infections and bone non-union due to chronic osteomyelitis

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus in surgical patients

To assess the current prevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus in our set up. Prospective descriptive study from June 2005 to December 2006. Department of Surgery, Baqai Medical University, Karacho. All patients who were operated during the study period. The detailed information about each patient was entered on a pre-designed questionnaire, including age, sex, type of operation, HBV and HCV screening test results, and presence of risk factors like: history of drug addiction, blood transfusion, family history of hepatitis, tattooing, viral vaccination, hospitalization, previous surgery, haemodialysis, etc. Amongst the total 275 patients, 27 [9.8%] had the Hepatitis virus: HBV-10, HCV-14 and HBV and HCV-3. Infection was more common among male patients and those between the ages of 4150 years. Knowledge about Hepatitis risk factors is deficient; hence there should be more emphasis on public mass education programmes. Besides HBV vaccination should be carried out to reduce Hepatitis transmission