RESUMEN
Introduction:Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. MaterialsandMethods: Thirty‑five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly
RESUMEN
The term off label prescribing refers to use of a drug in amanner not approved by the regulatory authorities. Theterm also applies to the use of a marketed medication in apatient population, dosage, or dosage form that does not haveregulatory approval. The practice of off label prescribing iswidespread and is seen in almost all branches of medicine.The usage may be supported by strong scientific evidence andresearch but it does not guarantee the safety of the drug ina large population. Therefore this review focusses on usageof off label medications in different fields of medicine, thepossible reason for the use and possible benefits and harms ofoff label prescribing.
RESUMEN
Background: To study the morphology of the caudate lobe of liver. The caudate lobe is visible on the posterior surface, bounded on the left by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum, below by the porta hepatis and on the right by the groove for the inferior vena cava. Above, it continues into the superior surface on the right of the upper end of the fissure for the ligamentum venosum. Below and to the right, it is connected to the right lobe by a narrow caudate process, which is immediately behind the porta hepatis and above the epiploic foramen. Below and to the left, the caudate lobe has a small rounded papillary process. Taking into consideration clinical importance of this lobe in metastasis, cirrhosis and hepatic resections a morphological study was carried out on caudate lobe. Methods: This study was undertaken on 36 cadaveric livers available in the Department of Anatomy of Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly to study the morphometery of caudate lobe of liver using vernier caliper. Results: Various shapes of the caudate lobe were observed, rectangular being the commonest. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations of caudate lobe may be important to anatomists and morphologists for new variant, embryologists for new developmental defect, clinicians for diseases, surgeons for planning surgery involving liver, and imagery specialists for avoiding misinterpretation of CT and MRI.
RESUMEN
Background: Our study aims to study the variations in lobar pattern and fissures of both right and left human lungs. Methods: 41 formalin fixed cadaveric lungs were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, SRMS IMS. The lungs were studied to observe the variations of fissures and lobes. Abnormal or accessory lobes were also noted. Results: 18 right lung and 23 left lung specimens were obtained and studied. Among the right lungs studied one showed an incomplete oblique fissure, six showed incomplete horizontal fissures. The horizontal fissure was absent in three right lungs. In the left lung only one lung showed the presence of an incomplete oblique fissure. Conclusion: The lung is a vital organ for life. Hence, considering the clinical importance of such anomalies, we as anatomists suggest that awareness and knowledge of the variations in the lobes and fissures of the lungs may be important for surgeons planning lobectomies and surgical resections involving individual segments and for radiologists to accurately interpret radiological images. This knowledge has further become more significant with the increasing incidence of lung carcinomas.