RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum[clove] buds in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Randomized controlled trial. Department of Pharmacology, Fatima Memorial College of Medicine and dentistry, Lahore from 1[st] July 2011 to 31[st] December 2011. The rats were divided into five groups, i.e. control group [A], ethanol positive group [B], experimental groups [C and D] and standard group [E]. Group C experimental rats received ethanol [3 g/kg body weight daily intraperitoneal injection] and ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum at 250mg/kg of body weight daily orally for a period of forty five days. Group D experimental rats received ethanol and ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum at 500 mg/kg of body weight. Group E received ethanol and silymarin [100mg/kg orally].Blood samples were taken at 45[th] day and liver in each was taken out for histopathological examination. The ethanol group rats showed variable increase in serum ALT [Alanine Transaminase], AST[Aspartate transaminase], ALP[Alkaline Phosphatase] and total bilirubin levels. In group C and group E rats the levels of these parameters become slightly decreased while in group D rats the levels decreased more towards normal. The morphological examination of experimental groups C and E rats showed slight recovery whereas the rats in experimental group D showed a significant recovery. Syzygium aromaticum constituents, especially flavonoids and polyphenols have strong anti-oxidant activity which provides hepato-protection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. High dose of Syzygium aromaticun ethanolic extract [500 mg/kg body weight] showed better hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity than low dose Syzygium aromaticum extract and silymarin in rats
RESUMEN
The present study was carried out to screen for prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus [HBV] infection and its associated risk factors in patients presenting for various complaints at a tertiary care hospital. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Nawaz Sharif social security Hospital, Multan Road Lahore from January 2008 through December, 2009. A total of 15403 patients, aged 14 to 60 years, belonging to low socio-economic group were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen [HbsAg] during the study period. Relevant information was obtained through a pre-designed questionnaire prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Patient's serum was tested qualitatively for HbsAg by rapid immunochromatographic technique [ICT devices, Accurate, USA] according to the manufacturer's instructions.All sera showing reactivity were then confirmed with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA]. HbsAg positivity was found in 488 [3.16%] patients of the screened population. Associated risk factors were: therapeutic injections [25.0%], shaving from community barbers [15.98%], blood or blood product transfusions [10.04%], HbsAg positive sexual partners [7.99%], dental treatment [6.96%], past surgical history [4.91%], occupational exposure [3.07%], pricking nose/ears [3.07%], H/o hemodialysis [2.04%] and medical endoscopy [1.02%]. 5.94% cases revealed no risk factor whereas 13.93% cases had multiple risk factors. A high prevalence of known etiological risk factors for HBV infection in the HBV positive patients documented in our study should not go without serious concern. Public awareness programs should be launched through mass media to discourage the malpractices related to risk factors
RESUMEN
To determine the efficacy of Percutaneous Nephro-Lithotomy [PCNL] in clearance of symptomatic renal and upper ureteric calculi and study the frequency of postoperative complications associated with it. A descriptive study conducted in the Department of Urology at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences [P.I.M.S] Islamabad from 1990 to 2001. Two hundred patients with symptomatic renal and upper ureteric calculi were selected with the technique of non-probability convenient sampling. All Patients were subjected to PCNL. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 10. The mean age of patients was 37 years with a range of 18-75 years. The mean size of the stone was 2.7cm with a range of 1.5 to 3.5cm. The mean operation time was 90 minutes with range of 40 to 120 minutes. The stone clearance was successfully achieved in 194 patients [97%]. Failure was noted in 6 patients [3%]. Majority [189] of patients required only a single session for the complete clearance. Postoperative complications were recorded in 24 patients [12%]. Only 8 patients [4%] required blood transfusion, 8 patients [4%] had bacteriemia, 4 patients [2%] had prolonged ileus of more than 72 hours and 4 patients [2%] developed urinary fistula. No mortality was recorded. PCNL is a minimally invasive, effective and safe modality for the removal of renal and upper Ureteric calculi