RESUMEN
Cylindrocarpon destructans isolated from ginseng field was found to produce pectinolytic enzymes. A Taguchi's orthogonal array experimental design was applied to optimize the preliminary production of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL) using submerged culture condition. This method was applied to evaluate the significant parameters for the production of enzymes. The process variables were pH, pectin concentration, incubation time and temperature. Optimization of process parameters resulted in high levels of enzyme (PG and PL) production after ten days of incubation at a pH of 5.0 at 25°C in the presence of 1.5 percent pectin. Among different nitrogen sources, urea and peptone showed high production of PG and PL, respectively. The enzyme production and mycelial growth seems to have direct influence on the culture conditions; therefore, at stationary state high enzyme production and mycelial growth were obtained than agitation state. Along with this, optimization of enzyme activity was also determined using various physiological parameters like, temperature, incubation time and pH. Taguchi's data was also analyzed using one step ANOVA statistical method.
RESUMEN
Not only the incidence but the mortality of breast cancer has been steadily increasing in Korea over the last twenty years, and it became the most common female neoplasm in 2002. In fact, the increase in the rate of breast cancer mortality in Korea over the past 10 years has been higher than anywhere else in the world, and it is particularly noteworthy that more than half of the incident cases occur among those younger than 50 years of age. The rapid westernization of dietary habits and changes in reproductive behavior of Korean women presumably played a central role in this extraordinary increase in breast cancer occurrence. A large-scale multi-center case-control analysis showed that an older age, a family history of breast cancer, early menarche, late menopause, late full-term pregnancy, never-having had a breast-fed child, and postmenopausal obesity are breast cancer risk factors in Korea. Environmental and genetic factors are known to play interactive roles in human carcinogenesis and recent studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms may predispose individuals to breast cancer via gene-to-environment or gene-to-gene interactions. Thus research into genetic variation in xenobiotic metabolism, estrogen metabolism, DNA repair, cytokine metabolism, or cell cycle control may give insights into both the etiology and prevention of breast cancer. Epidemiologic evidence obtained from migrant and lifestyle change studies and investigations of main risk factors strongly suggests that breast cancer will further increase in Korea. Future predictions point to a 2- to 3-fold increase in incidence by 2020. Here, we briefly introduce health education programs and breast cancer campaigns, in the broad context of the Korean National Cancer Control Program.