RESUMEN
Background@#Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. @*Methods@#Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. @*Results@#Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20–40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = −2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. @*Conclusion@#The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.
RESUMEN
Background@#Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. @*Methods@#Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. @*Results@#Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20–40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = −2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. @*Conclusion@#The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.
RESUMEN
The micronuclei were evaluated in epithelial buccal cells of 47 dentistry students, who were taking a human gross anatomy course at the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Buccal cells were collected and stained to investigate micronucleus induction in order to study genotoxicity before, during and after exposure to embalming solution, which contains formaldehyde, methanol and phenol. The buccal cells were collected at 0, 10 and 15 weeks, with exposure periods of 4 hours per week. The cells were separated using cytocentrifuge before staining with Feulgen plus Fast Green. The results showed a significant increase in the total number of micronuclei in mononucleated buccal cells, from 1.57±1.51 to 5.26±3.91 and 2.53±1.72 micronuclei per 1,500 mononucleated buccal cells at 0-, 10- and 15-week exposure periods, respectively. Formaldehyde, methanol and phenol levels in the air of the dissection room were collected and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their measurable levels were 0.19±0.06, 39.72 ±49.10 and 0.08±0.05 μg/mL, respectively, meaning the level of formaldehyde was higher than the recommended NIOSH exposure limit of 0.0016 μg/mL. It was concluded that increasing micronuclei in the dentistry student’s epithelial buccal cells may have resulted from co-exposure of compounds contained in the embalming solution.
RESUMEN
To ascertain how metals on the surface of shot bullets refer to the type of bullets, 12 lead bullets, 13 full metal jacket bullets and 18 semi-jacketed bullets were drawn from gunshot victims. Lead, copper, zinc and nickel, including the proportion of lead and copper were measured from the retained bullets to determine the relationship between these metals and types of bullets by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer to determine. There was not much zinc and nickel detected on all three bullet types, whereas a lot of lead and copper was evident. Though lead and copper levels were significantly different among the three types of bullets, and only their proportion might be useful for distinguishing them from each other.