A Review on organogel for skin aging.

Skin aging is one of the prominent problems associated with skin as each part of body ages with the time, skin is the external organ where the sign and symptoms of aging are readily evident. However cosmetics as well as pharmaceutical approaches delayed skin aging. Gel are best fitted in all these essential criteria because of their excellent appearance, smoothness, desired consistency, fast drug release, ease of manufacturing and quality assessment and admirable stability. Recently gel formulation have been modified to yield an advance drug delivery system known as ―organogels‖. Gel define as a semi-solid preparation having an external solvent phase, apolar [organogel] or polar [hydrogel] immobilized within the space available of a three dimensional network structure. Lecithin is a natural surfactant isolated from eggs or soya bean, when it combined with water and non-polar solvent, it form gels. PLO gels have gained importance in recent years as transdermal drug delivery system. It is a thermodynamically stable, visco-elastic system, which is non-irritating, odorless and biodegradable. Pluronic F127 or poloxamer is a copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene which forms a thermoreversible gel in concentrations between 15-30%w/v. Water plays the role of a structure-forming agent and stabilizes the process of gel formation as it solubilizes the pluronic and other hydrophilic drugs. PLO gel system facilitates the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs owing to the presence of both oil and aqueous phases within the gel system.

Sublingual tablets: an overview

Oral administration is one of the most convenient forms for the intake of drug due to ease of administration, painless, versatility, and paramount patient compliance. The demand of fast disintegrating tablets has been growing, during the last decades especially for geriatric and pediatric patients due to dysphasia. So the new drug delivery known as orally disintegrating tablets came to existence. As nowadays most of the people need effective relief within a short period of time so sublingual is the most suitable form of administration. These tablets disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva due to interaction with our salivary enzymes

In situ gel: A Review

Oral route is technique which is used over a decades. It is most preferred and common technique for oral administration of drug in the body, but due to certain limitation such as absorption of drug, drug targeting to particular organ can cause problem for administration through oral route. To overcome these types of problem as well as for improvement of drug safety and efficiency a novel approach is developed for delivery of drug i.e. In-situ Nasal Drug Delivery System. In-situ gel is a process in which sol form before administration in the body, but once administrated, it undergo gelation in-situ, to form gel. Nasal drug delivery is one of alternative viable route of drug delivery is one of alternative and viable route of drug delivery. Nasal route is rich in vasculature and highly permeable. Nasal route is suitable for those drugs whose oral administration is problematic due to gastric irritation. The present review focused on anatomy of nasal system and criteria required of drug candidate to prepare a gel i.e. In-situ gel. Approaches towards various formulation of in-situ gel with respect to temperature, ph and physiochemical condition.The main role of polymers like Poloxamer, Pectine, Cellulose etc in body, absorption of drug by various methods. Various evaluation parameters which is consider during preparation of in-situ gel.

A review on gastroretentive drug delivery system.

Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Concept of novel drug delivery system arose to overcome certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. In this review we have been discussed various approaches of gastro retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non-floating systems.

Neuroprotective Effect of Cinamomum zeylanicum in streptozotocin induced diabetes in Mice

Background: Diabetes is recognized as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality & representing as an emerging global epidemic worldwide. Diabetes and stroke both are the conditions which share various common threats. A patient with Diabetes has higher risk of stroke as compared to non Diabetics. Diabetes and stroke both affects the blood vessels. There are several biochemical pathways which are responsible for the developments of vascular complications due to hyperglycemia. Thus prevention and treatment of diabetes and stroke can reduce the risk of various vascular diseases. Cinnamomum zeylanicum has been used for the treatment of diabetes since long time. Cinnamomum zeylanicum rich in phenolic contents (antioxidants) have been identified as a major active component exhibiting antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The present study evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in streptozotocin induced diabetes in mice and experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Materials and methods: Swiss albino mice (male) weighing 20-30 g were randomized into eight groups. Diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p).Starting from seven days after streptozotocin injection, insulin and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were administered for 3 weeks. Serum glucose level and body weight were measured weekly. Neuroprotective activity was carried out by global cerebral ischemia on swiss albino mice by carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by 24 hr. reperfusion. Measurement of Triglycerides, Malondialdehyde , cerebral infarct size and glutathione level was carried out at the end of the study. Results: After 21 days of treatment with Cinnamomum zeylanicum (75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, p.o) significant increase in body weight and glutathione level and a significant reduction in serum glucose level, triglycerides, MDA levels and cerebral infarct size was observed as compared to diabetic control and diabetic+ stroke group. Conclusion: The present study concludes that Polyphenolic fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicum not only attenuates the diabetes but also reverse the cerebral infarction in mice through its neuroprotective actions and thus Cinnamomum zeylanicum may serves as a new therapeutic alternative for management of brain damage associated with type-1 diabetes

Diabetes: a risk factor for mortality from brain stroke.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a most common problem around the world & contributes to the development of different types of complications due to various pathological changes like change in thickening of capillary basement membrane, increase in vessel wall matrix and cellular proliferation. Diabetes mellitus represents a strong independent risk factor for stroke. The current review is an attempt to summarize the possible mechanisms that has been associated with increased risk of stroke due to diabetes mellitus.

In-vitro Antiurolithic activity of Kigelia africana fruit extracts.

Objectives: The plant Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Family: Bignoniaceae is used in traditional medical practices of Africa and India to treat various diseases including renal disorders. The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of K. africana fruit extract (KAFE) for in-vitro anti-urolithic activity on generated calcium-oxalate crystals. Method: The aqueous and alcoholic (ethanolic) extracts of fruits were tested for anti-urolithiatic potential on generated calcium-oxalate crystals by homogenous precipitation method and simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reactions were assessed (New method). The activity was assessed by studying the crystal dissolution by microscopy and quantitative alimental ions analysis for calcium and oxalates. Result: They exhibited significant activity when compared to standard drug Cystone- a poly herbal formulation. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased (p < 0.001) crystal size and increased calcium and oxalate concentration in reaction setup of all tested groups as compared to normal control. Simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reaction was assessed that have shown significant inhibition of crystal formation. Conclusion: All the interpretations of various result outcomes direct the use of this drug for urolithiasis prophylaxis and treatments.

Galactosylated albumin nanoparticles of simvastatin

The present study was an attempt to develop galactosylated albumin nanoparticles of Simvastatin for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. By developing the galactosylated nanoparticulated delivery, the required action of the drug at the target site at the liver can be provided. The advantage of targeting helps to reduce the systemic side effects that may occur due to the distribution of the drug to the other organs and thus helps in maintaining the required concentration of drug at the desired site. The galacotsylated albumin nanoparticles were prepared for the selective delivery of a Simvastatin to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [HMG-CoA reductase] the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that is particularly presents on hepatocytes. The asialoglycoprotein receptor [ASGP-R] which is particularly presents on mammalian hepatocytes can be utilize for active targeting by using its natural and synthetic ligands. By utilizing this receptors can provides a unique means for the development of liver-specific carriers, such as liposomes, recombinant lipoproteins, and polymers for drug or gene delivery to the liver, especially to hepatocytes. These receptors recognize the ligands with terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues, and endocytose the ligands for an intracellular degradation process. The albumin nanoparticles [NPs] were prepared by using desolvation method and efficiently conjugated with galactose. Various parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, percentage entrapment efficiency and drug loading efficiency, percentage yield, in-vitro drug release were determined. The size of nanoparticles [both plain and coated NPs] was 200 and 250 nm. The zeta potential of plain nanoparticles was -3.61 and that of galactose-coated nanoparticles was 64.1. The maximum drug content was in between 79.98% to 79.8 % respectively in plain, and galactose coated nanoparticles while the maximum entrapment efficiency was 70.10% and 71.03% in plain and coated nanoparticles. It was found that coating of nanoparticles increases the size of nanoparticles

Vitamin D and Diabetes: A New Horizon.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, and the prevalence rate of Type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing among Indians as well as through worldwide. Various risk factors play a role in the aetiopathogenesis and in the glycemic control among the type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, identification of environmental and easily modified risk factors is urgently needed to prevent development of T2DM. One of various such risk factors, vitamin D3 level & therefore serum calcium levels are reported to alter the glycemic control. The major and most well-known function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and promote bone mineralization. However, recent evidence suggests that vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may also be important for a variety of non-skeletal diseases including T2DM. Based on basic and animal studies, vitamin D and calcium have also been suspected as modifiers of diabetes risk. The systemic review was carried out to evaluate the evidences as well as limitation in respect of vitamin D3 and serum calcium level regarding the glycemic control in T2DM. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between glycemic control in T2DM and altered vitamin D3 & serum calcium concentrations, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. So the status of above two parameters is considered as an important factor in T2DM patients. Its role in present scenario should be understood both as an etiological concept & also as a therapeutic option.

Hepatic stellate cells targeting – a specific approach to liver cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is one of the chronic generalised disease and has a variety of clinical manifestations and complications some of which can be a life threatening. This results in decrease in hepatocellular mass and thus functions. It is 12th leading cause of death in United States. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) plays a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis because of their prominent role in extracellular matrix production, regulation of vascular tone, and production of inflammatory mediators such as transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).Therefore, these cells are major target for the treatment of Cirrhosis. Cell-specific delivery can provide a solution to these problems, but a specific drug carrier for HSC has not been described until now. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II (M6P/IGF-II) receptor, which is expressed in particular upon HSC during fibrosis, may serve as a target-receptor for a potential carrier. Carrier molecules are designed for their selective cellular uptake, taking advantage of specific receptors or binding sites present on the surface membrane of the target cell.

Preparation and comparative characterization of drug release from two different chronotherapeutic drug delivery systems of salbutomol for nocturnal asthma.

Coating with pH dependent polymers,based on the metabolic activity of colonic bacteria. Colonic bacteria degraded the prodrugs and polysaccharides enzymatically and then the drug releases into the colon. Previously several polysaccharides have been reported as carriers to colon-specific drug delivery. Oral compression coated tablets (CCT) compose of an inner solid core that contains an active pharmaceutical ingredient and any other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients which is substantially covered with an outer layer that dissolves or disintegrates slowly to produce the pre-determined lag time. The advantage of this manufacturing technique is that it is simple, inexpensive and it is not hazardous to the environment since it does not require the use of high amounts of organic solvents. Purpose: a) The aim of the present study was to to check the effect of chitosan on drug release and targeting it in colon by using the principle of compressed coat. b) Effect of Coating with ph independent polymer eudragit S100 on release in colon area. Method: a) Compression coated tablets of Sallbutamol were prepared by wet granulation method using chitosan and b) coating of core tablet with Eudragit S100 .