RESUMEN
In current study 113 diverse genotypes of chickpea has been evaluated during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21 under timely sown (TS), late sown (LS) and very late sown (VLS) cropping environment in augmented block design at research farm of ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur for genetic characterization to access the presence of variability among the major grain yield attributing traits under changing cropping conditions. Variation due to block were insignificant and error variance was significant for all three different trials (ie., TS, LS and VLS) conducted during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21(Table 5) In the present study highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for UFP, SYP (g), PB, Y (kg/ha), PY (g), HI (%), BMP (g), HSW (g) and FP (Table 5) While the traits viz., DFI, DFF, DPI, DFP, DMI, DM and PHT (cm), BY (g) and NSP exhibited the moderate to low range of GVC and PCV value under TS, LS and VLS cropping conditions During rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. Highest value of heritability (%) >60% have been observe for the traits DFI, DFF, DMI, DM, PB, Y (kg/ha), HSW (g), SYP (g), BMP (g) and FP in all three different cropping environments (Table 6 in the current study correlation coefficient analysis have been estimated for the Correlation values (Table 6) for all three different trials viz Timely sown (TS), Late sown (LS) and Very Late sown (VLS) conducted in Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-2021. The Pearson correlation coefficients of pooled data were calculated for Eighteen morphological traits The major yield contributing traits such as DFF, PHT (cm), PB, SYP (g), PY (g), Y (g), HSW (g), BY (g) and HI (%) have significantly correlated with all the traits except UFP and NSP (Table 6) The PY (g) exhibited strong positive correlation with Y (Kg/ha) (0.857** and 0.964**); HSW (g) (0.544* and 0.412*); BY (g) (517* and 0.856**); SYP (g) (0.628**and 0.506*); BMP (g) (0.553* and 0.494*); HI (%) (0.459* and 0.706**). Similarly, another chief yield contributing traits like SPY (g) is also positively correlated BMP (g) (0.536* and 0.682**); HI (%) (0.678** and 0.779**); FP (0.774** and 0.964**) and NSP (0.456* and 0.503*) except UFP (Table 7 maximum percentage of variance for all 113 diverse chickpea genotypes has been recorded for PC1(26.83, 26.63 & 31.46 in 2019-20; 29.87, 35.15 & 30.2 in 2020-21) and PC2 (24.19, 22.81 & 12.66 in 2019-20; 18.96, 15.43 & 17.4 in 2020-21) for all three separate trials i.e., TS, LS and VLS (Table 7).
RESUMEN
The poisonous and invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L., also referred to as "famine weed" or "congress grass," is highly dangerous for human health, agriculture, and biodiversity. This plant is well known for its aggressive growth and allelopathic qualities, which prevent natural vegetation and good crops from growing. An overview of the benefits and treatment of Parthenium hysterophorus is given in this abstract. Many techniques, including mechanical removal, chemical herbicides, biological control agents, and cultural practices, are used to combat this weed. To successfully control its spread, integrated techniques are frequently advised. Parthenium hysterophorus has drawbacks, yet it also has some positive qualities. It has therapeutic qualities, and research indicates that it may be used in phytoremediation and the synthesis of biofuel. The main goal is to draw attention to how critical it is to manage Parthenium hysterophorus properly while investigating its possible benefits, underscoring the necessity of long-term, all-encompassing solutions to deal with this environmental threat.
RESUMEN
Background: Adolescent girls often lack adequate knowledge and comfort when accessing reproductive health care and information. A woman’s health at different stages in her life is interconnected, such that the state of her menstrual health at present can influence her reproductive, sexual, and maternal health in the future. Therefore, possessing adequate understanding and awareness regarding menstruation and recognizing the significance of seeking healthcare will help in managing menstruation hygienically and with dignity. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a tribal welfare residential school in a rural setting among female adolescent girls in classes 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, during September 2022 for 10 days, with objectives to assess knowledge about menstruation and to determine the health-seeking behaviour for menstrual health among them. Results: In our study of 73 adolescent tribal girls (mean age: 13.86±1.33), 73.9% had a high knowledge level about menstruation. Self-medication was reported by 26%, while only 9.6% consulted a doctor. Higher menstrual pain was linked to a 3.25 times higher likelihood of consulting a doctor and a 5.5 times higher likelihood of self-medication. Conclusions: While a majority of tribal adolescent girls demonstrated a good level of knowledge regarding menstruation, only 9.6% of them sought medical consultation from a doctor. A comprehensive approach that combines health education, challenging cultural taboos, and improving access to healthcare services is necessary to promote better healthcare-seeking behaviour among adolescent girls regarding menstruation.
RESUMEN
This study on genetic variability and character association in fourteen genotypes of garden pea was conducted during the period spanning from 2022 to 2023. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. The results obtained from this study revealed a significant variation in the mean performance among genotypes concerning various parameters, including days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of primary branches per plant, node to 1st flower appears, node to 1st pod appears, internodal length, length of pod, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight, number of seeds per 100g pods, number of pods per 100g, pod yield per plant and total soluble solids. Among these parameters, it was observed that the number of primary branches per plant was highest (4.60) in the Tako-11 genotype, followed by GS-10 (4.46) and Samag (4.46). In terms of plant height, BKS pea recorded the highest measurement (91.28 cm), closely followed by Peas A-1 (90.85 cm). The genotypes GS-10 and AP-3 demonstrated superior performance in terms of yield as 104.70 g and 102.97 g, respectively. Furthermore, the assessment of total soluble solids content revealed that genotypes like GS-10 with 19.82°B and Nirali with 18.81°B exhibited higher sweetness levels in their pods compared to the other genotypes. Results of analysis of variance in this study indicated a substantial variance across the traits considered under investigation. Furthermore, it revealed that there are ample opportunities exist for the selection of promising genotypes with favorable characteristics for further agricultural development and breeding programs. From the obtained results it can be concluded that a notable variation in various agronomic traits was observed and these findings would be helpful in providing valuable insights for future research and breeding efforts aimed at enhancing garden pea cultivation and productivity.
RESUMEN
India has the largest number of children between the ages of 0-18 years globally with a child population of over 400 million. Developmental delays affect a minimum 10% of preschool children, preventing them from reaching their full development potential. The studies to estimate the prevalence of disability and its association with socio-demographic and quality of life may provide valuable information for optimizing how health and social welfare organizations deal with morbidities. The paper concludes with a discussion that reflects on the functionary status of district early intervention centre (DEICs) in India and finds out the gaps in the referral system of DEICs combined with a general reflection on the utility of the rapid cycle evaluation model used. There is the scope of the country-level uniformity of reporting of the data of children with delayed development and disabilities. The policymakers should notice that early intervention can reduce the burden of disease and disability?adjusted life years (DALYs) and improve the quality of life of the next young generation of India.
RESUMEN
Acute infectious interstitial pneumonitis (IP) (Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-associated IP) in children has been most commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and immunocompromised hosts. Here we report a case of EBV-associated interstitial pneumonitis with cervical lymphadenopathy in an immunocompetent child. Patient underwent extensive routine and serologic workup which revealed positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EBV, pointing towards the diagnosis of EBV induced pneumonitis. It is a very rare entity and is hardly seen among immunocompetent individuals especially young children. The aim of this case report is to bring to our notice that among all described pneumonias, EBV induced pneumonitis can be a possibility while dealing with lung infections.
RESUMEN
Aim: To address the existing gaps in knowledge about long-acting nitroglycerine (LA-NTG) and provide recommendations to address these issues. Methodology: Approved LA-NTG questionnaire that included 17 questions related to the role of LA-NTG in the management of angina and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) was shared with 150 expert cardiologists from different regions from India. Results of these survey questionnaires were further discussed in 12 regional level meetings. The opinions and suggestions from all the meetings were compiled and analyzed. Further, recommendations were made with the help of attending national cardiology experts and a consensus statement was derived. Results: This is the first consensus on LA-NTG, summarizing the clinical evidence from India and suggesting recommendations based on these data. The experts recommended early use of LA-NTG as a first-line antianginal therapy in combination with beta-blocker since it improves exercise tolerance in patients with CCS. A strong consensus was observed for using LA-NTG in patients with co-morbid hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and post-percutaneous coronary intervention angina. As a part of cardiac rehabilitation, LA-NTG allows patients with angina to exercise to a greater functional capacity. Conclusions: A national consensus was observed for several aspects of LA-NTG in the management of angina and CCS. The clinical experience of the experts confirmed an extremely satisfied patient perception about the efficacy of LA-NTG.
RESUMEN
Background & objectives: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is an endocrine emergency presenting with acute-onset flaccid paralysis in a patient having thyrotoxicosis accompanied by hypokalaemia. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical profile of patients with TPP presenting to three centres in India. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted at three tertiary care Armed Forces medical centres, located at Lucknow, Kolkata and Delhi. The history, clinical features, treatment details and outcomes were evaluated. Results: Of the 244 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 15 were diagnosed with TPP and included in the study. These 15 patients (14 male and 1 female) had 32 episodes of TPP which were analyzed. The mean age was 30.2�2 yr (range: 21-39), and overt thyrotoxicosis was seen in all patients except one who had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease was the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (13/15) and the remaining two patients had subacute thyroiditis and gestational thyrotoxicosis. Hypokalaemia (serum potassium <3.5 mmol/l) was seen in 12 patients, and the mean serum potassium was 3.2�9 mmol/l (range: 2.1-4.9). All patients had flaccid weakness, predominantly involving the lower limb with no bulbar, respiratory or cranial nerve involvement. The average duration of paralysis was 10.6�7 h (range: 3-28 h). Interpretation & conclusions: Our study demonstrated an early age of presentation and presence of clinical and biochemical thyrotoxicosis in majority of patients with TPP. Hypokalaemia may not always be evident in patients with TPP.
RESUMEN
Background & objectives: Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry becomes important for better prevention and control. The objective of the present study was to assess the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry. Methods: The isolates received at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre during 2011-2016 were subjected to biochemical identification, followed by serological characterization to identify the Salmonella serovars, and the data were presented to exhibit the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry. Results: Salmonella was found to be present in poultry in all the regions included in the study. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis were the most prevalent serovars accounting for 96.2 per cent of isolates. Salmonella was identified in poultry from all major egg-producing and egg-consuming States. Other serovars which were scantly identified included S. Infantis (2.7%), S. Montevideo (0.64%), S. Newport (0.26%) and S. Pullorum (0.13%). Interpretation & conclusions: Diverse distribution of Salmonella serovars in poultry in India, with known potential to infect human population and/or other poultry flocks, requires urgent nationwide stringent control measures.
RESUMEN
Objective: To develop and validate a sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) technique for the quantification of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin in plasma by linagliptin as internal standard. Methods: Chromatography was achieved on hypersil C18 (50 mmx4 mm) 5 µ analytical column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (25:75 V/V) as mobile phase at 0.7 ml/min flow rate. Dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin were detected at m/z 409.14/135.0, m/z 316.2/180.13 and m/z 472.54/456.21 respectively. Drugs and internal standard were extracted by LLE (liquid-liquid extraction). Results: Developed technique was validated over 0.5-1500.0 ng/ml linear concentration range for dapagliflozin and 2.00-2000.0 ng/ml for saxagliptin. This method established with intra-batch and inter-batch precision within 2.44-8.12% and 1.25-7.14 % for dapagliflozin and 1.84-7.5 % and 1.02–6.00 % for saxagliptin. This method established with intra-batch and inter-batch accuracy for dapagliflozin within 98.86-103% and 96.98-102 % respectively and for saxagliptin within 98.05-109.06 % and 97.00-104.00 % respectively. Conclusion: Both dapagliflozin and saxagliptin were stable during three freeze-thaw cycles, long term and bench-top stability studies. The developed method was useful for the routine analysis of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin simultaneously in plasma samples.
RESUMEN
Background: To study the effects of early enteral feeding in postoperative patients who have undergone elective abdominal surgeries by both open and laparoscopic method. Methods: Nasogastric tube was removed after patients recovered from anesthesia. Patients were started on a clear fluid diet, 30ml/hour at 24thhour, then 60ml/hour in the next 12 hours and full fluid diet within 48 hours, then semi-solid diet over next 24 hours. Patient who don’t tolerate oral diet, nasogastric tube was reinserted and managed with nil by mouth till the ileus was resolved. Patients were discharged only after they tolerated solid diet for at least 24 hours in intestinal groups and 12 hours in non-intestinal groups. Length of hospitalization or hospital stay was measured in terms of post-operative stay. Results: A total of 100 patients were selected for the study. Under both open (n=56) and laparoscopic surgery group (n=44), patients were categorized into those who underwent intestinal surgeries and those who underwent non-intestinal surgeries. Among open intestinal surgery group, total number of patients were (n=27) and among open non-intestinal surgery group, total number of patients were (n=29). Similarly, among laparoscopic intestinal surgery group, total number of patients were (n=10) and non-intestinal group, total number of patients were (n=34). The most common complication among all the groups was vomiting, 23% in open surgery group and 20% in laparoscopic surgery group. The incidence of nasogastric tube reinsertion among open surgery group was more (29%), among laparoscopic group was 25%. Among open surgery group, 71% patients who had complications, passed first stools within 5 days after operation whereas among laparoscopic surgery group, 73% patients with complications passed first stools within 3 days after surgery, signifying reduced duration of postoperative ileus with early oral feeding. 62% and 66% patients tolerated early oral feeding among open surgery group and laparoscopic surgery group respectively. The rate of early discharges were 77% for open intestinal surgery group patients and 83% for open non-intestinal surgery group patients. Similarly, the rate of early discharges were 80% among laparoscopic intestinal surgery group patients and 85% for laparoscopic non-intestinal surgery group patients. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that early oral feeding is well tolerated and there is no merit in continuing to keep patients nil by mouth until bowel function is resumed. This study also shows that early oral feeding reduces the length of hospitalization. Significant percentage of patients in both groups had early resolution of bowel function and time to discharge was early. Furthermore, the duration of postoperative ileus was reduced in patients of both groups which led to early discharge. Thus in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgeries, both open and laparoscopic method, early postoperative feeding is well tolerated and reduces the length of hospitalization.
RESUMEN
Background: Immunization is an important among activity in the Public Health Services. The vaccines are highly temperature sensitive and vaccine potency once lost cannot be restored. A well-managed cold chain will increase the efficiency of immunization and reduce vaccine wastage. An assessment of cold chain system for vaccine storage was done in the all PHCs of the study area. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the cold chain practices, with particular reference to assessing the availability of cold chain equipment, vaccine storage practices, monitoring of cold chain in primary health centres (PHCs) of Bhojpur district. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at all the cold chain points of 14 PHCs of Bhojpur district during January to May 2015. A predesigned, pretested checklist was used by the trained investigators during their visits. The information was evaluated on the basis of important components related to the cold chain points. Results: All the PHCs had a dedicated cold chain room with sufficient number of cold chain equipment. Consolidated effective vaccine management score for cold chain points of 8 (57.1%) PHCs were average (60-79%). None of the PHCs have satisfactory score (≥ 80%). Vaccine storage practice and availability of complete RI micro-plan were found satisfactory at 12 (85.7%) PHCs. Maintenance of cold chain equipment were satisfactory at 10 (71%) PHCs. But, temperature monitoring. (5) (35.7%) and waste disposal related to routine immunization 3 (21.4%) PHCs were disappointing. Conclusion: The primary health centres had average performance related to the cold chain system, which is a matter of concern warranting for the cold chain monitoring. We recommend supportive supervision as the key measures in improvement of cold chain system.
RESUMEN
Background: The presbycusis patients (usually beyond 50 years) come to us with much loss of hearing sensitivity. The deafness unperceived starts much earlier before their perception. Objectives: To identify the severity of the subtle deafness in the cosmopolitan, small town and rural areas. Materials and methods: We had selected the people with absolutely normal hearing (claimed by the subjects) between 21-50 years. They were confident of their hearing status, even on deep probing. We divided the people into three categories like cosmopolitan, small town and rural. We had selected the people of Mumbai under the cosmopolitan category. The audiological evaluation was carried out in sound treated room meeting the ANSI Standards of permissible ambient noise levels in sound treated room.Manual Pure Tone Audiometer in a two room set up that confirm to ANSI S-3.6-1996 standard was used. The instrument used for this study was calibrated ALPS AD 2100 audiometer with TDH 49 ear phones. Results: The cosmopolitan population were affected most. Later small town people and lastly rural area people were affected. In cosmopolitan population the 4 kHz was mostly affected, suggesting the significant impact of noise on their hearing. In town population also the 4 kHz is affected, but not to the extent of cosmopolitan people. The cosmopolitan people were affected worst among the three categories. And interestingly the small town population and rural population have almost the same hearing thresholds. Y. Kishore Kumar, Jaya Sahu, Ajay Basod, Nityam Sagar Patel. The Comparative Study of Subtle Deafness in Cosmopolitan, Town and Rural Population. IAIM, 2017; 4(1): 72-77. Page 73 Conclusion: The severity of subtle deafness is most in cosmopolitan, lesser in small town and least in rural population. The pure tone audiometry should be done in cosmopolitan people in early twenties, in small town people in early thirties and in rural population in early forties.
RESUMEN
Background & objectives: Salmonellosis is a major public health concern worldwide. Besides typhoidal salmonellae, infections due to non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella are also associated with high morbidity and mortality leading to huge economic losses. Among non-typhoidal serovars, Salmonella Newport has been reported as a major cause of foodborne infections resulting in outbreaks due to consumption of contaminated food items. Little data related to this serovar are available from India leading to the scarcity of information on the distribution trends of this important serovar in the country. Therefore, an effort was made in the present study to generate data on distribution trends and antibiogram of S. Newport in the country. Methods: S. Newport isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre at Kasauli, India, during January 2010 to December 2013 were analysed for their distribution trends and antibiogram data were also generated using standard methods. Results: In the present study, S. Newport isolates were received from eight States and one union territory of the country and highest proportion of S. Newport isolates were found to be from humans (53.61%) followed by animals (27.84%) and food (18.56%). S. Newport isolates exhibited resistance to all drugs used in the present study except chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime. Interpretation & conclusions: Considering distribution of this important serovar of Salmonalla and its wide range of reservoirs, steps towards formulation and execution of efficient surveillance programmes should be taken.
RESUMEN
Background: Tai Chi Chuan (meaning Supreme Ultimate Force), popularly known as Tai Chi is an internal Chinese martial art practised for both defence and health purposes. Materials and methods: We selected 4 male persons of age group between 65 and 72 years with presbystasis. All of them had been treated with medication and good rest for a period of more than 6 months without much relief. We planned to evaluate the efficiency of Tai Chi through comparison of functional test of balance (Romberg test) and the perception of balance and falls by using Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire obtained prior and following the Tai Chi course. Results: All the patients observed not only significant improvement in the balance, they also got more confidence in walking, running, bending and from the fear of falling. They were re-examined after one month (total 12 weeks of exercises) with Romberg test (to rule out bias by the patients) and DHI questionnaire. There was a significant improvement in the Romberg test and there was significant decrease in the DHI score from average 63.5 (severe dizziness) to 43.5 (moderate dizziness) Conclusion: The findings of the Tai Chi in the rehabilitation of balance problem in the elderly persons found to be very effective. Tai Chi is easy to carry out and very comfortable for the older people. They can practice the exercises at home, at outdoor without much effort and difficulty
RESUMEN
A 50 year female presented with dysphagia for 2 months and she denied pain during swallowing, retrosternal pain, drooling of saliva, nasal regurgitation, cough, breathlessness, hoarseness of voice abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of weight or loss of appetite. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy revealed a web at 17 cm from incisors. Post endoscopy patient developed pain over the upper abdomen which worsened during swallowing and breathing. Because of rapid development of these symptoms we suspected esophageal perforation/dissection. Complete blood picture suggestive of neutrophilic leukocytosis and other parameters were normal. Thin barium study showed pseudo lumen in esophagus and confirmed the diagnosis of esophageal web with esophageal dissection. Patient was treated conservatively with nil per oral and parenteral fluids and antibiotics. Web was dilated after 2 weeks with Salivary-Gilliard dilators and procedure was uneventful and oral feeding was initiated.
RESUMEN
Aims: Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock often exhibit significant cardiovascular dysfunction. We designed the study with an aim to determine the severity of cardiac dysfunction in the different group of sepsis patients. Study Design: Single-center, cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal from June 2011 to December 2012. Methodology: A total of 74 patients who were diagnosed with sepsis were enrolled in the study. All patients were subjected to routine analysis, laboratory test and echocardiogrphic assessment. Results: The patients were divided into 3 groups: sepsis group (n = 11), severe sepsis group (n =37) and septic shock group (n = 26). The mitral E/A value is significantly higher in patients with septic shock than that of the patients with sepsis (P = 0.04). The indices of right ventricular dysfunction did not show any significant difference in the patients with septic shock and that of sepsis. Conclusion: Left ventricular dysfunction may be considered prevalent in sepsis as per the significant E/A values. However, the other echocardiographic parameter should also be considered. This may even infer that cardiac dysfunction may not correlate with the severity of sepsis.
RESUMEN
Objective: Nevirapine (NVP) is a non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor widely used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus disease. The present study was aimed to develop generic formulation of extended release (ER) tablets of Nevirapine anhydrous (NVP) using hydrophilic polymer. Method: Nevirapine NVP(ER) tablets were prepared by different manufacturing technology i.e. direct compression, roller compaction, and wet granulation method by employing hydrophilic polymer (HPMC K15M).The matrix granules were prepared by mixing drug along with polymer and diluents in different polymer ratio from wet granulation technology used water as a granulating fluid. Results: The prepared granules were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters by official procedure and compressed in tablets. The In-vitro release profile of various batches was prepared by different technologies and has been compared with the innovator product. In-vitro release profiles of NVP from ER tablets were determined using USP apparatus type II (Paddle), 50 rpm and bath temperature 37ºC. Dissolution of tablets was carried out in 900 ml of media (phosphate buffer pH 6.8). Samples were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals up to 24 hrs and analyzed using UV detector at a wavelength of 247 nm. Conclusion: Stress stability studies indicated that the formulation is stable and In-vitro release profile study showed that formulation using wet granulation technology.
RESUMEN
Aim: In the present study, Sumatriptan succinate was formulated as oral elementary osmotic pump with a zero-order drug release profile. Methodology: The effect of different formulation variables i.e. different types of osmogens, concentrations of osmogen and concentration of coating solution were studied. The in vitro evaluation was carried out in different release media. Result: Highest percentage of drug release was observed at high concentration of mannitol i.e., 1:3 (drug: mannitol). Osmogen with low osmotic pressure (38 atm) showed 71.01% zero-order drug release for 12 hours when compared to that of the osmogen with high osmotic pressure (356 atm) which showed 67.38% of release by zero order. Conclusion: Elementary osmotic pump tablets of Sumatriptan succinate were able to deliver zero-order release up to 12 hours independent of pH of dissolution media and have overcome the problem of chronotherapeutic effect.