Innervated Cross-Finger Pulp Flap for Reconstruction of the Fingertip

BACKGROUND: Fingertip injuries involving subtotal or total loss of the digital pulp are common types of hand injuries and require reconstruction that is able to provide stable padding and sensory recovery. There are various techniques used for reconstruction of fingertip injuries, but the most effective method is functionally and aesthetically controversial. Despite some disadvantages, cross-finger pulp flap is a relatively simple procedure without significant complications or requiring special techniques. METHODS: This study included 90 patients with fingertip defects who underwent cross-finger pulp flap between September 1998 and March 2010. In 69 cases, neurorrhaphy was performed between the pulp branch from the proper digital nerve and the recipient's sensory nerve for good sensibility of the injured fingertip. In order to evaluate the outcome of our surgical method, we observed two-point discrimination in the early (3 months) and late (12 to 40 months) postoperative periods. RESULTS: Most of the cases had cosmetically and functionally acceptable outcomes. The average defect size was 1.7x1.5 cm. Sensory return began 3 months after flap application. The two-point discrimination was measured at 4.6 mm (range, 3 to 6 mm) in our method and 7.2 mm (range, 4 to 9 mm) in non-innervated cross-finger pulp flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The innervated cross-finger pulp flap is a safe and reliable procedure for lateral oblique, volar oblique, and transverse fingertip amputations. Our procedure is simple to perform under local anesthesia, and is able to provide both mechanical stability and sensory recovery. We recommend this method for reconstruction of fingertip injuries.

Evidence for Cyclooxygenase-2 Association with Caveolin-3 in Primary Cultured Rat Chondrocytes

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the cellular localization of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and caveolin-3 (Cav-3) in primarily cultured rat chondrocytes. In normal rat chondrocytes, we observed relatively high levels of Cav-3 and a very low level of COX-2 mRNA and protein. Upon treating the chondrocytes with 5 microM of CdCl2 (Cd) for 6 hr, the expressions of COX-2 mRNA and protein were increased with the decreased Cav-3 mRNA and protein expressions. The detergent insoluble caveolae-rich membranous fractions that were isolated from the rat chondrocytes and treated with Cd contained the both proteins of both COX-2 and Cav-3 in a same fraction. The immuno-precipitation experiments showed complex formation between the COX-2 and Cav-3 in the rat chondrocytes. Purified COX-2 with glutathione S-transferase-fused COX-2 also showed complex formation with Cav-3. Confocal and electron microscopy also demonstrated the co-localization of COX-2 and Cav-3 in the plasma membrane. The results from our current study show that COX-2 and Cav-3 are co-localized in the caveolae of the plasma membrane, and they form a protein-protein complex. The co-localization of COX-2 with Cav-3 in the caveolae suggests that the caveolins might play an important role for regulating the function of COX-2.

Co-localization and interaction of organic anion transporter 1 with caveolin-2 in rat kidney

The organic anion transporters (OAT) have recently been identified. Although the some transport properties of OATs in the kidney have been verified, the regulatory mechanisms for OAT's functions are still not fully understood. The rat OAT1 (rOAT1) transports a number of negatively charged organic compounds between the cells and their extracellular milieu. Caveolin (Cav) also plays a role in membrane transport. Therefore, we investigated the protein-protein interactions between rOAT1 and caveolin-2. In the rat kidney, the expressions of rOAT1 mRNA and protein were observed in both the cortex and the outer medulla. With respect to Cav-2, the expressions of mRNA and protein were observed in all portions of the kidney (cortex < outer medulla = inner medulla). The results of Western blot analysis using the isolated caveolae-enriched membrane fractions or the immunoprecipitates by respective antibodies from the rat kidney showed that rOAT1 and Cav-2 co-localized in the same fractions and they formed complexes each other. These results were confirmed by performing confocal microscopy with immunocytochemistry using the primary cultured renal proximal tubular cells. When the synthesized cRNA of rOAT1 along with the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides of Xenopus Cav-2 were co-injected into Xenopus oocytes, the [14C]p-aminohippurate and [3H]methotrexate uptake was slightly, but significantly decreased. The similar results were also observed in rOAT1 over-expressed Chinese hamster ovary cells. These findings suggest that rOAT1 and caveolin-2 are co-expressed in the plasma membrane and rOAT1's function for organic compound transport is upregulated by Cav-2 in the normal physiological condition.

The extracellular calcium sensing receptor is expressed in mouse mesangial cells and modulates cell proliferation

The extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) belongs to the type III family of G-protein-coupled receptors, a family that comprises the metabotropic glutamate receptor and the putative vomeronasal organ receptors. The CaSR plays an important role for calcium homeostasis in parathyroid cells, kidney cells and other cells to directly 'sense' changes in the extracellular calcium ion concentration ((Ca2+)o). The mesangial cells are known to be involved in many pathologic sequences through the mediation of altered glomerular hemodynamics, cell proliferation, and matrix production. In this study, we examined the expression of the CaSR in the mouse mesangial cell lines (MMC, ATCC number CRL-1927). Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was perform with CaSR-specific primers, and this was followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified product; this process identified the CaSR transcript in the MMCs. Moreover, CaSR protein was present in the MMCs as assessed by Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis using a polyclonal antibody specific for the CaSR. Functionally, (Ca2+)o induced the increment of the intracellular calcium concentration ((Ca2+)i) in a dose-dependent manner. This (Ca2+)i increment by (Ca2+)o was attenuated by the pretreatment with a phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122) and also by a pretreatment with a CaSR antagonist (NPS 2390). The similar results were also obtained in IP3 accumulation by (Ca2+)o. To investigate the physiological effect of the CaSR, the effect of the (Ca2+)o on cell proliferation was studied. The increased (Ca2+)o (up to 10 mM) produced a significant increase in the cell numbers. This mitogenic effect of (Ca2+)o was inhibited by the co-treatment with a CaSR antagonist. From these results, the (Ca2+)o-induced (Ca2+)i elevation in the MMC is coupled with the extracellular calcium sensing receptor. Furthermore, (Ca2+)o produces a mitogenic effect in MMCs.

Opertive treatment of nonunion of the surgical neck fracture of the humerus / 대한정형외과학회잡지

No abstract available.

Comparison of Blood Gases in Patients during the Reeovery Period / 대한마취과학회지

In the present study, an effort was made to evaluate the degree of hypoxemia in the early recovery period with general anesthesia. The patients were chosen in each of the following 3 groups, upper abdominal, lower abdominal and non-abdominal operations. The blood samples were taken preperatively, on arrival and 30 minutes after arrival in the recovery room. The blood gases on arrival showed significant decreases of PaO2 and increases of PaCO2 in all three groups in comparison with the preoperative gases. The blood gases at 30 minutes after arrival showed significant increases of PaO2 from the arrival data, in all three groups however there were no significant differences in Paco2. AS a result of this study, it is suggested that conservative and safe management of patients is better to provide supplement oxygen in the earlyer recovery period to all patients with general anesthesia.

Awareness and Recall During Anesthesia for Cesarean Section / 대한마취과학회지

Balanced anesthesia is being equilibrated with the maintenance of light planes of anesthesia and the relatively free utilization of muscle relaxants to prevent untoward movement of the patient in response to surgical stimuli. However, muscle relaxants per se do not contributes to the state of hypnosis or analgesia. Therfore, awareness during modern anesthesia must be seriously taken. We have given anesthesia in 175 cases for cesarean section in order to investigate intraoperative awareness. Among the 175 anesthetic cases, 13 cases had awareness of pain and 19 cases had auditor awareness. Accordingly the total incidence of awareness in our investigation was 16% which was significantly high and should be considered in clinical anesthesia practice.